Sac 2

Question 1

Biological factors

Answer 1

Relates to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function. There is a range of biological factors and although many are the outcome of various sociocultural and environment factors, there is often a genetic influence that cannot be controlled. In some cases examples of biological factors are also examples of physical health and well-being

Question 2

Body weight

Answer 2

Shifts towards Energy- dense diets and decreasing physical activity have contributed to increases in rates of over weight and obesity.
Genetics may play a role but the main cause is an imbalance between energy consumed and energy expended.

Question 3

Body weight cont..

body mass index

Answer 3

An index of weight for height, is used to classify people as over weight and obese.
It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters
A BMI of 25-29.9 indicated overweight and 30 and over indicates obesity

BMI= wight(kg)
————
Height(m2)

Question 4

Body cont..

Waist circumference

Answer 4

Is increasingly being used as an indicator of body weight

A measurement greater than 88cm in woman and 102cm in men indicates a higher risk

Question 5

Blood pressure

Answer 5

Is normally reported as the systolic figure over the diastolic figure: 120/80 indicates normal blood pressure

A person with high blood pressure has hypertension
This many mean that their heart and kidneys (which regulate blood pressure and filter the blood) have to work harder and blood flow may be restricted

Question 6

Hypertension risk factors (high blood pressure)

Answer 6

Stress, smoking, excess alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition and poor diet

Question 7

What is cholesterol

Answer 7

It is a type of fat required for numerous functions in the body

The body creates cholesterol in the liver however, most people consume additional cholesterol from animal products like full cream milk and fatty cuts of meat

Question 8

What are the types of cholesterol

Answer 8

Low density lipoprotein also known as bad cholesterol and high density also known as good cholesterol

When there is too much low density lipoprotein in the blood it tend to be deposited in the walls of the blood vessels giving the blood less room to travel to the cells

Question 9

Blood cholesterol cont

Answer 9

If too much cholesterol is produced the risk of cardiovascular disease (such a stroke and coronary heart disease) increases

Question 10

Atherosclerosis

Answer 10

The build up of plaque, caused by excess cholesterol resulting in gardening and loss of elasticity of blood vessels

Question 11

Impaired Glucose regulation

Answer 11

If blood glucose levels are consistently high, then the levels of insulin are also high
If this occurs over a long period of time, the cells can become resistant to the action of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed

Question 12

What can impaired glucose regulation occur as a result of

Answer 12

Genetic predisposition
Smoking
Being over weight

Question 13

Birth weight

Answer 13

Babies born with a low birth weight (under 2.5 kgs) are more likely to have an under developed immune system, making them more susceptible to infections. They are also likely to have increased health concerns later in life.

Question 14

Genetics

Answer 14

Control many aspects of life that indulgence health and wellbeing, such as sex, body type, hormone production, predisposition to disease and aspects of personality

Question 15

Genetic predisposition

Answer 15

Genetics can also influence how likely someone is to develop a certain condition or disease. This doesn’t mean that a person with a predisposition to a certain condition will necessarily develop it, but they are at an increased risk

Question 16

What is oestrogen

Answer 16

A key hormone needed for the regulation of the menstrual cycle in woman. Oestrogen also helps to maintain bone density by keeping the bones strong. When a woman enter menopause, the levels of oestrogen decline increasing the risk of osteoporosis

Question 17

What is testosterone

Answer 17

Increases the likelihood of risk taking which contributes to ill health. When testosterone levels drop in men (after about age 40) there can be numerous systems, including loss of sex drive, fatigue and depression

Question 18

Sociocultural factors

Answer 18

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These conditions include socioeconomic status, social connections, family and cultural influences, food security, early life experiences, and access to affordable, culturally appropriate health care

Question 19

Biological factors include

Answer 19

Genetics (hormones, predisposition to disease) 
Body weight 
Blood cholesterol levels
Blood pressure 
Blood glucose regulation 
Birth weight

Question 20

Sociocultural factors include

Answer 20

Social economic status (income, employment status, education and occupation)
Level of education
Employment status
Social networks (family, peers and community)
Social isolation
Housing issues (over crowding and homelessness)
Access to health information and health care
Early like experienced
Good security

Question 21

Social economic status

Answer 21

Involves inclme + occupation + education = socioeconomic status
Generally wealthier people are healthier people

Physical and mental health and well-being is strongly associated

People who are more socioeconomically disadvantaged are
Less likely to take notice of health promotion messages
More likely to smoke and be obese due to poor nutrition
More likely to experience over crowded housing condition

Question 22

Access to health care (advancement to medical knowledge)

Answer 22

Decreased mortality rates and an increased life expectancy
Decreased morbidity
Reduced rate of low birth weight babies

Question 23

Barriers that limit access to health care and what it can lead too

Answer 23

Cultural, financial

Can lead to treatable conditions go undiagnosed
Higher mortality from treatable conditions
Premature death

Question 24

Employment status - employment

Answer 24

Can provide a sense of identity, social status and purpose in life

Is related to health problems may relate to injuries sustained at work, especially in the physical task some jobs require

Question 25

Under employment

Answer 25

Puts financial strain on individuals and families as well as poor mental health outcomes: stress and anxiety, loss of identity, poor self esteem and social isolation Has a significant impact on physical and mental health. Those who are underemployed experience a higher rates of premature death such as suicide, lung cancer and cardio vascular disease and substance abuse

Question 26

Social exclusion definition

Answer 26

The segregation that people experience if they are no adequate toy participating in the society in which they live

Question 27

Causes and results of social exclusion include

Answer 27

``` Mental illness Disability Family breakdown Homelessness Lack of education and skills Low income Relative poverty ```

Question 28

Social isolation def

Answer 28

Refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others

Question 29

Cultural influences include ...

Answer 29

Impact of Health status, gender stereotypes, food beliefs and diet, attitudes and beliefs

Question 30

Food security def

Answer 30

The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non- emergency sources

Question 31

Early life experiences

Answer 31

Tobacco, alcohol and drug use and maternal nutrition And exposure to certain chemicals, bacteria and viruses during pregnancy can all have significant implants on the individual after birth and into adulthood. Cam contributes to CV and diabetes in later life Abuse or neglect affects brain function and development and contributes to emotional behavioural problems later in life.

Question 32

Environmental def

Answer 32

Related to the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water and air, workplaces, housing, roads, nature, school, recreation setting and exposure to hazards

Question 33

Poor quality housing

Answer 33

Associated with higher rates of injury, mental health problems, respiratory conditions and infectious diseases

Question 34

Working environment

Answer 34

UV EXposure; accidents and injuries; exposure to hazardous substances; and seating arrangements can all impact health

Question 35

Biological factors: body weight males and females

Answer 35

70.8% of males are obese and 56.3% of females are obese Males are more likely to store excess body fat around their abdomen (very high risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes) compared to woman who accumulate it around the lower parts of their body

Question 36

Biological factors Males and females - hormone release

Answer 36

Oestrogen released in females protects against cardiovascular disease. Testosterone is a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is released in men

Question 37

Sociacultural factors males and females - employment status

Answer 37

Men are more likely to be underemployed and seeking employment than females. Underemployment tends to have a higher impact on the mental health of males rather than females This could be due to females than males are often caregivers or stay at home caring for he children which give a sense of fulfilment. Males can have greater levels of stress and anxiety resulting in mental health conditions such as depression

Question 38

Sociocultural males and females- income

Answer 38

Females tend to have a lower income than males. 2016 average income for males was $1602.8 weekly and females $1325.1 weekly.

Question 39

Sociocultural males and females- social experiments

Answer 39

On average males are less likely to seek medical treatment, and in particular are less likely to undergo screening for illnesses Such as cancer. Males are also less likely to absorb health promotion activities than females.

Question 40

Environmental factors males and females- workplace

Answer 40

Men are more likely to be employed in high risk jobs (labour intense outdoor jobs) where they encounter a number of hazards such as noise and vibration from machinery, hazards in the external environment such as UV exposure and pollution, lack of ergonomic equipment and a need for heavy lifting, and chemical hazards. This can lead to asthma, hearing, and vision conditions, muscle and back pain causing disability, and mental illness.

Question 41

Biological indigenous and non indigenous- body weight

Answer 41

Children aged 2-14 were 1.7 times as likely as other Australian children to be underweight. 66% of aboriginals and Torres over 15 years were classified over weight or obese. Males were more likely to be over weight where as females were more likely to be obese Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic conditions. Indegionous are 7 times as likely to have diabetes. Obese indigenous were more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease

Question 42

Biological indigenous- blood pressure

Answer 42

One on five aboriginal and Torre adults had high blood pressure in 2015. Males were more likely to have high blood pressure High blood pressure is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a chronic disease of major concern among their populations

Question 43

Biological indigenous- blood glucose regulation

Answer 43

High sugar levels were around 3.4 times more common for aboriginal and Torre than other. And 4.7 higher risk of diabetes Impaired glucose regulation are an indication of diabetes

Question 44

Biological indigenous- birth weight

Answer 44

Low birth weight babies of abo and torre mothers is nearly twice as high as babies of others. Risk behaviour s during pregnancy can influence birth weight such as Smoking, drinking, drugs, mothers physical build and age; the duration of the pregnancy: how many times the mother had carried a baby; the mothers nutritional status; the mothers socioeconomic status; and illness while pregnant Lower birth weight babies experience a higher incidence of ill health during life

Question 45

Sociocultural indigenous- socioeconomic status

Answer 45

Weekly income for abo and Torre is $465 in 2011-13 compared to other aus households at $869 Lower income for abo and Torre impacts access to quality food, housing and healthcare, affecting their overall health and wellbeing A low weekly income can includ an inability to purchase essential items

Question 46

Sociocultural indigenous- level of education

Answer 46

7-10 98% of abo and Torre went to school but only 55% finished year 12. This creates a lower employment opportunity and income

Question 47

Sociocultural indigenous- employment status

Answer 47

Abo and Torre have relituvely low levels of employment. Due to education, and skill levels, geographic location and labour market condition. Abo and Torre are inclined to participate in low skilled labour work. Males who has been involved in criminal justice system also experience a reduced likelihood to be hired Overcrowding houses and limited employment in remote areas also make it hard to find maintain employment Which effect their mental health- anxiety, loss of identity, poor self esteem and social isolation and mental disorders

Question 48

Sociocultural indigenous- social networks

Answer 48

Larger proportion of one Parent families with dependent children when compare to Australian households. Aboriginal and Tara straight island of households are also more than three times as likely to be composed of multiple families. Aboriginal and Tara straight island is families tend to have a larger number of dependent children other families. 2012 to 2013 The hospitalisation rate for assault was 34 times higher for aboriginal and Tara straight on the woman then for other Australian women. This indicates that family environments are more of a risk to health and will being for abo and Torre

Question 49

Sociocultural indigenous- social networks and peers / community

Answer 49

Social support offers to act to reduce the risk of illness. Intothousand and 10.8% of aboriginal and torres straight island is aged 15 and over were unable to access support in a time of crisis, compared with 6.6% of other Australians

Question 50

Sociocultural indigenous- social expectations

Answer 50

Abo and Terre are less likely to have access to health care than other aus. Abo and Terre have a higher prevalence of certain diseases, and social, economic and environmental issues. Areas to access to health care and health information can include cultural beliefs in relation to accessing western medicine

Question 51

Environmental factors indigenous – and, water and sanitation quality

Answer 51

Poor quality housing and overcrowding contribute to higher levels of on safe drinking water and non-functioning sanitation systems. Increasing the prevalence of many infectious diseases for this population group. Living in unhygienic living conditions include influenza and pneumonia, Meningitits, skin infections and infestations such as scabious, and intestinal infections and parasites Almost 3 and five aboriginal and Tara straight island are children aged 0 to 14 were living in a household with the daily smoko. Aboriginal and Tara straight island the kids were five times as likely as other Australian children to live in a household with the daily smoker who smoked at home indoors

Question 52

Environmental factors indigenous – access to physical resources

Answer 52

Indigenous are exposed to the environment to ricks factors when living in remarked areas specific to road quality. These include a greater distances travelled consequently greater exposure to risk of road crash, higher speed limits, poor condition of roads and poor availability of road services. Reduced police presents and enforcement of road laws. Greater risk of collision with wildlife and livestock and less monitoring of alcohol consumption and seatbelt usage in rule areas

Question 53

Socioeconomic status biological factors- body weight

Answer 53

Increases risk of chronic illness such as diabete, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. 2014-15 66% of petiole in low ses (18 and over) were catagorised as over weight or obese. Underweight individuals are more likely to be of low ses (due to low income and food security)

Question 54

Socioeconomic biological- blood pressure

Answer 54

Low ses are more likely to have high blood pressure due to having low education and income they exercise less and therefore have higher blood pressure A low household income influences behavioural risk factors such as smoking and exercise which is linked to a high blood pressure

Question 55

Sociocultural socioeconomic- socioeconomic status

Answer 55

Low ses has negative impact on housing standards, educational attainment, access to health information and services, and health risk- prevention. Low income as increases the psychological distress where a lack of financial security can impact on decision making processes and create a sense of having a lack of control over ones life.

Question 56

Socioeconomic sociocultural- level of education

Answer 56

Education improves health and wellbeing. Higher education improves employment, thus future income improvement, standard of housing and access to health care. Lower education has been linked with the likelihood of participant ong in risk taking behaviours such as smoking. People with low education also find it difficult to navigate the health care system as they have low levels of health literacy

Question 57

Socioeconomic sociocultural- employment status

Answer 57

Participation in employment is important for living standards and social and emotional wellbeing, including self esteem, opportunities for self- development and participation in the community Both females and males who are unemployed were significantly more likely to report fair and poor health than those employed in mainstream jobs.

Question 58

Socioeconomic sociocultural- social networks

Answer 58

Early educational experiences within the family can impact future academic progress. Students who do not attain the national literacy and numeracy benchmark standards are less likely to enter higher education. - leads to lower employment. Single parents families are more prevalent in low SES and this is one risk factors for wellbeing and health

Question 59

Socioeconomic sociocultural- access to health and information

Answer 59

People living with low SES are more likely to call a doctors but not a dentist. Regular screening for illness prevention is also like likely among the low ses Reasons why the low ses are less likely to access health info: - levels of education(cabt understand health messages) -access to recourses that provide info not availible -inability to participate in community activities where the health is promoted

Question 60

Socioeconomic environmental- air quality

Answer 60

Low ses are likely to have a daily smoker in the house which increases a child or adult non smokers risk of lung cancer and other respiring diseases, as well as coronary heart disease

Question 61

Socioeconomic environmental- access to physical resources

Answer 61

Low ses have difficulty maintaining affordable housing with fully functioning facilities Such as Cooking facilities, plumbing (which prevents drinking water being contaminated and ensures sewerage is properly removed) and an ongoing gas/ electricity supply. Power supply (food safely stored) and cooked, access to radio internet and tv (enhances knowledge)

Question 62

Living place biological- body weight

Answer 62

Living outside major cities are more likely to be overweight or obese putting them at risk for many chronic diseases.

Question 63

Living place biological- birth weight

Answer 63

Living outside major cities have a low birth weight of babies. This could be due to tobacco use during pregnancy, poorer access to and use of health services Higher rate of teenage mothers and older mothers

Question 64

Living place biological- blood cholesterol

Answer 64

Those living outside major cities are more likely to have high total cholesterol levels

Question 65

Living place sociocultural- income

Answer 65

People who live outside major cities have lower income. This results in other risk factors such as food insecurity and poor- quality housing

Question 66

Living place sociocultural- level of education

Answer 66

Very remote areas have the lowest levels of school completion with 48% of the population leavibg school by year 10.

Question 67

Living place sociocultural- employment status

Answer 67

More people living outside major cities experience unemployment. This could be the lack of job opportunities. Job insequrity can contribute to poor mental health, therefore resorting to stress and bad coping behaviours such as smoking, alcohol and lack of exercise which results in higher rates of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, COPD and some cancers

Question 68

Living place environmental- climate change and natural disasters

Answer 68

Such as drought, natural disasters and ability of natural recourses- this can affect employment, infrastructure, the availability of food and services. Infrastructure damage can also result in bush fire, flood and rising sea levels. Environmental disasters can increase the incidence of injury and death. Mental illness also increases due to stress and suicide rates also increase among rural farmers

Question 69

Living places environmental- access to physical resources

Answer 69

Poor quality roads, a lack of road signage and even road rules in some very remote areas, aswell as having to drive long distances contribute to a higher rate of injuries and road trauma. Traveling long distances can be dangerous due to higher speeds worse road quality fatigue and animal son the road. People living in remote areas may need to relocate of travel long distances

Question 70

Living place environmental- workplace

Answer 70

Work in hazardous environments such as agriculture increases the risk of injury

Question 71

Smoking

Answer 71

Smoking rates are on the decrease due to education, taxes, adertasments, regulation, plain packaging It is the leading cause of preventable illness, disability and premature death in aus Tobacco smoke is a risk factor for - cardiovascular disease - cancers - respiring conditions - low birth weight - risk of infection

Question 72

High intake of fat

Answer 72

Can result in cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, musculoskeletal conditions Saturated and trans fats are the bad fats such as cakes breads margarine Monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are the good fats such as plant based oils, avo, nuts, fruit

Question 73

High BMI

Answer 73

Can increase type2 diabetes Reduce life expectancy Increase cardiovascular More common in males More common in low SES More common in abo and Torre More common to those living in remote areas

Question 74

Under consumption of vegetables

Answer 74

Decrease the intake of iron and fibre Increased risk of colorectal cancer Cardiovascular Obesity

Question 75

Under consumption of fruit

Answer 75

``` Decrease fibre Increased risk of: Colorectal cancer Cardiovascular Obesity ```

Question 76

High intake of salt

Answer 76

Cardiovascular | Osteoporosis

Question 77

Low intake of fibre

Answer 77

``` Increased risk of Colorectal cancer Overweight and obesity Cardiovascular Type 2 diabetes ```

Question 78

Alcohol in population groups

Answer 78

Low ses likely to exceed consumption than those in high ses Those in remote areas more likely to consume alcohol at risky levels at least once a week

Question 79

Smoking population groups

Answer 79

More common in low SES More common in males More common gaming those of rural areas More common to abo and Torre