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HHD > Sac 2 > Flashcards

Sac 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological factors

A

Relates to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function. There is a range of biological factors and although many are the outcome of various sociocultural and environment factors, there is often a genetic influence that cannot be controlled. In some cases examples of biological factors are also examples of physical health and well-being

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2
Q

Body weight

A

Shifts towards Energy- dense diets and decreasing physical activity have contributed to increases in rates of over weight and obesity.
Genetics may play a role but the main cause is an imbalance between energy consumed and energy expended.

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3
Q

Body weight cont..

body mass index

A

An index of weight for height, is used to classify people as over weight and obese.
It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters
A BMI of 25-29.9 indicated overweight and 30 and over indicates obesity

BMI= wight(kg)
————
Height(m2)

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4
Q

Body cont..

Waist circumference

A

Is increasingly being used as an indicator of body weight

A measurement greater than 88cm in woman and 102cm in men indicates a higher risk

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5
Q

Blood pressure

A

Is normally reported as the systolic figure over the diastolic figure: 120/80 indicates normal blood pressure

A person with high blood pressure has hypertension
This many mean that their heart and kidneys (which regulate blood pressure and filter the blood) have to work harder and blood flow may be restricted

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6
Q

Hypertension risk factors (high blood pressure)

A

Stress, smoking, excess alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition and poor diet

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7
Q

What is cholesterol

A

It is a type of fat required for numerous functions in the body

The body creates cholesterol in the liver however, most people consume additional cholesterol from animal products like full cream milk and fatty cuts of meat

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8
Q

What are the types of cholesterol

A

Low density lipoprotein also known as bad cholesterol and high density also known as good cholesterol

When there is too much low density lipoprotein in the blood it tend to be deposited in the walls of the blood vessels giving the blood less room to travel to the cells

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9
Q

Blood cholesterol cont

A

If too much cholesterol is produced the risk of cardiovascular disease (such a stroke and coronary heart disease) increases

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10
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The build up of plaque, caused by excess cholesterol resulting in gardening and loss of elasticity of blood vessels

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11
Q

Impaired Glucose regulation

A

If blood glucose levels are consistently high, then the levels of insulin are also high
If this occurs over a long period of time, the cells can become resistant to the action of insulin, preventing glucose from being absorbed

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12
Q

What can impaired glucose regulation occur as a result of

A

Genetic predisposition
Smoking
Being over weight

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13
Q

Birth weight

A

Babies born with a low birth weight (under 2.5 kgs) are more likely to have an under developed immune system, making them more susceptible to infections. They are also likely to have increased health concerns later in life.

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14
Q

Genetics

A

Control many aspects of life that indulgence health and wellbeing, such as sex, body type, hormone production, predisposition to disease and aspects of personality

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15
Q

Genetic predisposition

A

Genetics can also influence how likely someone is to develop a certain condition or disease. This doesn’t mean that a person with a predisposition to a certain condition will necessarily develop it, but they are at an increased risk

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16
Q

What is oestrogen

A

A key hormone needed for the regulation of the menstrual cycle in woman. Oestrogen also helps to maintain bone density by keeping the bones strong. When a woman enter menopause, the levels of oestrogen decline increasing the risk of osteoporosis

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17
Q

What is testosterone

A

Increases the likelihood of risk taking which contributes to ill health. When testosterone levels drop in men (after about age 40) there can be numerous systems, including loss of sex drive, fatigue and depression

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18
Q

Sociocultural factors

A

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These conditions include socioeconomic status, social connections, family and cultural influences, food security, early life experiences, and access to affordable, culturally appropriate health care

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19
Q

Biological factors include

A 
Genetics (hormones, predisposition to disease) 
Body weight 
Blood cholesterol levels
Blood pressure 
Blood glucose regulation 
Birth weight
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20
Q

Sociocultural factors include

A

Social economic status (income, employment status, education and occupation)
Level of education
Employment status
Social networks (family, peers and community)
Social isolation
Housing issues (over crowding and homelessness)
Access to health information and health care
Early like experienced
Good security

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21
Q

Social economic status

A

Involves inclme + occupation + education = socioeconomic status
Generally wealthier people are healthier people

Physical and mental health and well-being is strongly associated

People who are more socioeconomically disadvantaged are
Less likely to take notice of health promotion messages
More likely to smoke and be obese due to poor nutrition
More likely to experience over crowded housing condition

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22
Q

Access to health care (advancement to medical knowledge)

A

Decreased mortality rates and an increased life expectancy
Decreased morbidity
Reduced rate of low birth weight babies

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23
Q

Barriers that limit access to health care and what it can lead too

A

Cultural, financial

Can lead to treatable conditions go undiagnosed
Higher mortality from treatable conditions
Premature death

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24
Q

Employment status - employment

A

Can provide a sense of identity, social status and purpose in life

Is related to health problems may relate to injuries sustained at work, especially in the physical task some jobs require

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25
Q

Under employment

A

Puts financial strain on individuals and families as well as poor mental health outcomes: stress and anxiety, loss of identity, poor self esteem and social isolation

Has a significant impact on physical and mental health. Those who are underemployed experience a higher rates of premature death such as suicide, lung cancer and cardio vascular disease and substance abuse

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26
Q

Social exclusion definition

A

The segregation that people experience if they are no adequate toy participating in the society in which they live

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27
Q

Causes and results of social exclusion include

A 
Mental illness
Disability
Family breakdown
Homelessness
Lack of education and skills
Low income
Relative poverty
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28
Q

Social isolation def

A

Refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others

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29
Q

Cultural influences include …

A

Impact of Health status, gender stereotypes, food beliefs and diet, attitudes and beliefs

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30
Q

Food security def

A

The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non- emergency sources

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31
Q

Early life experiences

A

Tobacco, alcohol and drug use and maternal nutrition And exposure to certain chemicals, bacteria and viruses during pregnancy can all have significant implants on the individual after birth and into adulthood. Cam contributes to CV and diabetes in later life

Abuse or neglect affects brain function and development and contributes to emotional behavioural problems later in life.

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32
Q

Environmental def

A

Related to the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water and air, workplaces, housing, roads, nature, school, recreation setting and exposure to hazards

33
Q

Poor quality housing

A

Associated with higher rates of injury, mental health problems, respiratory conditions and infectious diseases

34
Q

Working environment

A

UV EXposure; accidents and injuries; exposure to hazardous substances; and seating arrangements can all impact health

35
Q

Biological factors: body weight males and females

A

70.8% of males are obese and 56.3% of females are obese
Males are more likely to store excess body fat around their abdomen (very high risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes) compared to woman who accumulate it around the lower parts of their body

36
Q

Biological factors Males and females - hormone release

A

Oestrogen released in females protects against cardiovascular disease. Testosterone is a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is released in men

37
Q

Sociacultural factors males and females - employment status

A

Men are more likely to be underemployed and seeking employment than females.

Underemployment tends to have a higher impact on the mental health of males rather than females
This could be due to females than males are often caregivers or stay at home caring for he children which give a sense of fulfilment.

Males can have greater levels of stress and anxiety resulting in mental health conditions such as depression

38
Q

Sociocultural males and females- income

A

Females tend to have a lower income than males.

2016 average income for males was $1602.8 weekly and females $1325.1 weekly.

39
Q

Sociocultural males and females- social experiments

A

On average males are less likely to seek medical treatment, and in particular are less likely to undergo screening for illnesses Such as cancer. Males are also less likely to absorb health promotion activities than females.

40
Q

Environmental factors males and females- workplace

A

Men are more likely to be employed in high risk jobs (labour intense outdoor jobs) where they encounter a number of hazards such as noise and vibration from machinery, hazards in the external environment such as UV exposure and pollution, lack of ergonomic equipment and a need for heavy lifting, and chemical hazards.

This can lead to asthma, hearing, and vision conditions, muscle and back pain causing disability, and mental illness.

41
Q

Biological indigenous and non indigenous- body weight

A

Children aged 2-14 were 1.7 times as likely as other Australian children to be underweight.

66% of aboriginals and Torres over 15 years were classified over weight or obese.

Males were more likely to be over weight where as females were more likely to be obese

Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic conditions. Indegionous are 7 times as likely to have diabetes. Obese indigenous were more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease

42
Q

Biological indigenous- blood pressure

A

One on five aboriginal and Torre adults had high blood pressure in 2015.

Males were more likely to have high blood pressure

High blood pressure is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a chronic disease of major concern among their populations

43
Q

Biological indigenous- blood glucose regulation

A

High sugar levels were around 3.4 times more common for aboriginal and Torre than other. And 4.7 higher risk of diabetes

Impaired glucose regulation are an indication of diabetes

44
Q

Biological indigenous- birth weight

A

Low birth weight babies of abo and torre mothers is nearly twice as high as babies of others.

Risk behaviour s during pregnancy can influence birth weight such as
Smoking, drinking, drugs, mothers physical build and age; the duration of the pregnancy: how many times the mother had carried a baby; the mothers nutritional status; the mothers socioeconomic status; and illness while pregnant

Lower birth weight babies experience a higher incidence of ill health during life

45
Q

Sociocultural indigenous- socioeconomic status

A

Weekly income for abo and Torre is $465 in 2011-13 compared to other aus households at $869

Lower income for abo and Torre impacts access to quality food, housing and healthcare, affecting their overall health and wellbeing

A low weekly income can includ an inability to purchase essential items

46
Q

Sociocultural indigenous- level of education

A

7-10 98% of abo and Torre went to school but only 55% finished year 12. This creates a lower employment opportunity and income

47
Q

Sociocultural indigenous- employment status

A

Abo and Torre have relituvely low levels of employment. Due to education, and skill levels, geographic location and labour market condition.
Abo and Torre are inclined to participate in low skilled labour work.

Males who has been involved in criminal justice system also experience a reduced likelihood to be hired

Overcrowding houses and limited employment in remote areas also make it hard to find maintain employment

Which effect their mental health- anxiety, loss of identity, poor self esteem and social isolation and mental disorders

48
Q

Sociocultural indigenous- social networks

A

Larger proportion of one Parent families with dependent children when compare to Australian households. Aboriginal and Tara straight island of households are also more than three times as likely to be composed of multiple families. Aboriginal and Tara straight island is families tend to have a larger number of dependent children other families. 2012 to 2013 The hospitalisation rate for assault was 34 times higher for aboriginal and Tara straight on the woman then for other Australian women. This indicates that family environments are more of a risk to health and will being for abo and Torre

49
Q

Sociocultural indigenous- social networks and peers / community

A

Social support offers to act to reduce the risk of illness. Intothousand and 10.8% of aboriginal and torres straight island is aged 15 and over were unable to access support in a time of crisis, compared with 6.6% of other Australians

50
Q

Sociocultural indigenous- social expectations

A

Abo and Terre are less likely to have access to health care than other aus.
Abo and Terre have a higher prevalence of certain diseases, and social, economic and environmental issues. Areas to access to health care and health information can include cultural beliefs in relation to accessing western medicine

51
Q

Environmental factors indigenous – and, water and sanitation quality

A

Poor quality housing and overcrowding contribute to higher levels of on safe drinking water and non-functioning sanitation systems. Increasing the prevalence of many infectious diseases for this population group. Living in unhygienic living conditions include influenza and pneumonia, Meningitits, skin infections and infestations such as scabious, and intestinal infections and parasites

Almost 3 and five aboriginal and Tara straight island are children aged 0 to 14 were living in a household with the daily smoko. Aboriginal and Tara straight island the kids were five times as likely as other Australian children to live in a household with the daily smoker who smoked at home indoors

52
Q

Environmental factors indigenous – access to physical resources

A

Indigenous are exposed to the environment to ricks factors when living in remarked areas specific to road quality. These include a greater distances travelled consequently greater exposure to risk of road crash, higher speed limits, poor condition of roads and poor availability of road services. Reduced police presents and enforcement of road laws.

Greater risk of collision with wildlife and livestock and less monitoring of alcohol consumption and seatbelt usage in rule areas

53
Q

Socioeconomic status biological factors- body weight

A

Increases risk of chronic illness such as diabete, cardiovascular disease and some cancers.

2014-15 66% of petiole in low ses (18 and over) were catagorised as over weight or obese. Underweight individuals are more likely to be of low ses (due to low income and food security)

54
Q

Socioeconomic biological- blood pressure

A

Low ses are more likely to have high blood pressure due to having low education and income they exercise less and therefore have higher blood pressure

A low household income influences behavioural risk factors such as smoking and exercise which is linked to a high blood pressure

55
Q

Sociocultural socioeconomic- socioeconomic status

A

Low ses has negative impact on housing standards, educational attainment, access to health information and services, and health risk- prevention.

Low income as increases the psychological distress where a lack of financial security can impact on decision making processes and create a sense of having a lack of control over ones life.

56
Q

Socioeconomic sociocultural- level of education

A

Education improves health and wellbeing. Higher education improves employment, thus future income improvement, standard of housing and access to health care. Lower education has been linked with the likelihood of participant ong in risk taking behaviours such as smoking.

People with low education also find it difficult to navigate the health care system as they have low levels of health literacy

57
Q

Socioeconomic sociocultural- employment status

A

Participation in employment is important for living standards and social and emotional wellbeing, including self esteem, opportunities for self- development and participation in the community

Both females and males who are unemployed were significantly more likely to report fair and poor health than those employed in mainstream jobs.

58
Q

Socioeconomic sociocultural- social networks

A

Early educational experiences within the family can impact future academic progress. Students who do not attain the national literacy and numeracy benchmark standards are less likely to enter higher education. - leads to lower employment.

Single parents families are more prevalent in low SES and this is one risk factors for wellbeing and health

59
Q

Socioeconomic sociocultural- access to health and information

A

People living with low SES are more likely to call a doctors but not a dentist. Regular screening for illness prevention is also like likely among the low ses
Reasons why the low ses are less likely to access health info:
- levels of education(cabt understand health messages)
-access to recourses that provide info not availible
-inability to participate in community activities where the health is promoted

60
Q

Socioeconomic environmental- air quality

A

Low ses are likely to have a daily smoker in the house which increases a child or adult non smokers risk of lung cancer and other respiring diseases, as well as coronary heart disease

61
Q

Socioeconomic environmental- access to physical resources

A

Low ses have difficulty maintaining affordable housing with fully functioning facilities
Such as
Cooking facilities, plumbing (which prevents drinking water being contaminated and ensures sewerage is properly removed) and an ongoing gas/ electricity supply.
Power supply (food safely stored) and cooked, access to radio internet and tv (enhances knowledge)

62
Q

Living place biological- body weight

A

Living outside major cities are more likely to be overweight or obese putting them at risk for many chronic diseases.

63
Q

Living place biological- birth weight

A

Living outside major cities have a low birth weight of babies. This could be due to tobacco use during pregnancy, poorer access to and use of health services

Higher rate of teenage mothers and older mothers

64
Q

Living place biological- blood cholesterol

A

Those living outside major cities are more likely to have high total cholesterol levels

65
Q

Living place sociocultural- income

A

People who live outside major cities have lower income. This results in other risk factors such as food insecurity and poor- quality housing

66
Q

Living place sociocultural- level of education

A

Very remote areas have the lowest levels of school completion with 48% of the population leavibg school by year 10.

67
Q

Living place sociocultural- employment status

A

More people living outside major cities experience unemployment. This could be the lack of job opportunities. Job insequrity can contribute to poor mental health, therefore resorting to stress and bad coping behaviours such as smoking, alcohol and lack of exercise which results in higher rates of chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, COPD and some cancers

68
Q

Living place environmental- climate change and natural disasters

A

Such as drought, natural disasters and ability of natural recourses- this can affect employment, infrastructure, the availability of food and services.

Infrastructure damage can also result in bush fire, flood and rising sea levels.

Environmental disasters can increase the incidence of injury and death.

Mental illness also increases due to stress and suicide rates also increase among rural farmers

69
Q

Living places environmental- access to physical resources

A

Poor quality roads, a lack of road signage and even road rules in some very remote areas, aswell as having to drive long distances contribute to a higher rate of injuries and road trauma.

Traveling long distances can be dangerous due to higher speeds worse road quality fatigue and animal son the road.
People living in remote areas may need to relocate of travel long distances

70
Q

Living place environmental- workplace

A

Work in hazardous environments such as agriculture increases the risk of injury

71
Q

Smoking

A

Smoking rates are on the decrease due to education, taxes, adertasments, regulation, plain packaging

It is the leading cause of preventable illness, disability and premature death in aus

Tobacco smoke is a risk factor for

  • cardiovascular disease
  • cancers
  • respiring conditions
  • low birth weight
  • risk of infection
72
Q

High intake of fat

A

Can result in cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, musculoskeletal conditions

Saturated and trans fats are the bad fats such as cakes breads margarine

Monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats are the good fats such as plant based oils, avo, nuts, fruit

73
Q

High BMI

A

Can increase type2 diabetes
Reduce life expectancy
Increase cardiovascular

More common in males
More common in low SES
More common in abo and Torre
More common to those living in remote areas

74
Q

Under consumption of vegetables

A

Decrease the intake of iron and fibre
Increased risk of colorectal cancer
Cardiovascular
Obesity

75
Q

Under consumption of fruit

A 
Decrease fibre
Increased risk of:
Colorectal cancer
Cardiovascular
Obesity
76
Q

High intake of salt

A

Cardiovascular

Osteoporosis

77
Q

Low intake of fibre

A 
Increased risk of
Colorectal cancer 
Overweight and obesity 
Cardiovascular 
Type 2 diabetes
78
Q

Alcohol in population groups

A

Low ses likely to exceed consumption than those in high ses

Those in remote areas more likely to consume alcohol at risky levels at least once a week

79
Q

Smoking population groups

A

More common in low SES
More common in males
More common gaming those of rural areas
More common to abo and Torre

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