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HHD > SAC 1 Unit 4 Part a - Factors contributing to differences in health > Flashcards

SAC 1 Unit 4 Part a - Factors contributing to differences in health Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of high income countries

A
  • higher levels of education
  • lower population growth
  • access to healthcare
  • improved food security
  • access to improved sanitation
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2
Q

Characteristics of middle income countries

A
  • high levels of poverty
  • availability of safe water and sanitation to most countries
  • lack access to adequate housing especially in urban slums
  • high birth rates
  • lack of access to healthcare
  • limited access of technology
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3
Q

Characteristics of low income countries

A
  • lack of social support such as welfare
  • high population growth poor access to improved sanitation
  • lower levels of food security
  • poor access to healthcare
  • less infrastructure
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4
Q

factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease

A
  • safe water
  • sanitation
  • poverty
  • inequality
  • discrimination
  • global distribution
  • marketing of tobacco
  • alcohol
  • processed foods
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5
Q

how are high, middle and low countries classified

A

Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. Value of a countries total annual income, expressed in US dollars and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the countries citizens.

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6
Q

GNI

A

Gross national Income
Value of a countries total annual income, expressed in US dollars and divided by its population to indicate the average income of the countries citizens.

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7
Q

How is burden of disease measured?

A

YLL + YLD = DALY

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8
Q

What are some health status indicators?

A 
morbidity 
mortality 
HALE 
DALY 
YLL
YLD
Prevelance 
Incidence 
self assessed health status 
Burden of disease
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9
Q

economic characteristics of countries

A 
level of debt 
income 
trade opportunities 
poverty 
industry 
welfare support
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10
Q

environmental characteristics of countries

A 
infrastructure 
access to clean water 
access to improved sanitation 
acces to food 
agricultural productivity 
energy use 
resource use 
emissions
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11
Q

social characteristics of countries

A 
social support 
employment 
birth rates 
education levels 
healthcare system 
access to technology 
legal and political systems 
living standards 
social justice
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12
Q

countries from low income countries

A

Nepal
Zimbabwe
Uganda
Rwanda

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13
Q

countries from lower middle income countries

A

Cambodia
India
Indonesia
Pakistan

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14
Q

countries from upper middle income countries

A

China
Fiji
Mexico
Malaysia

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15
Q

countries from high income countries

A

Australia
Japan
USA
United Kingdom

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16
Q

YLL

A

years of life lost . a measure of how many years of life are lost due to premature death

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17
Q

YLD

A

years of life lost due to disability . A measure of how many years are lost due to illness, injury or disability

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18
Q

DALY

A

1 daly = 1 healthy year of life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury .

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19
Q

explain safe water

A

Safe water refers to water that is not contaminated with diseases causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead or mercury that may be a result of agriculture and industry

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20
Q

explain sanitation

A

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.

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21
Q

explain poverty

A

Poverty refers to deprivation. Lack of income and resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare.

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22
Q

explain safe water

A

Safe water refers to water that is not contaminated with diseases causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead or mercury that may be a result of agriculture and industry

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23
Q

explain sanitation

A

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, the maintenance of hygienic conditions and garbage disposal.

24
Q

explain poverty

A

Poverty refers to deprivation. Lack of income and resources such as food, shelter, clean water and healthcare.

25
Q

explain inequality

A

the state of not being equal, especially in status and opportunities

26
Q

explain discrimination

A

unjust prejudicial treatment of different people based on their grounds of age, sex and race

27
Q

explain global marketing

A

the advertising and selling of goods and services around the world including middle and low-income countries.

28
Q

explain global distribution

A

Global distribution involves the transfer of goods and services and people.

29
Q

what is the issue with safe water

A
  • Women and children spend hours collecting water rather than working or going to school.
  • Cannot grow crops.
  • Cannot feed live stock.
  • Increases the risk of contaminated water being used.
  • Risk of morbidity and mortality across the lifespan increases from communicable diseases in contaminated water (diarrhoea, cholera, malaria, malnutrition).
30
Q

what is the issue with sanitation

A
  • Spread of infectious diseases
  • Reduces life expectancy, increase infant mortality and U 5 Mortality.
  • Over urbanisation systems cannot cope.
  • Slums and make shift dwellings, overcrowding.
  • In schools where there are no toilets allocated to girls, they will not attend school.
31
Q

what is the issue with poverty

A
  • Leads to lower literacy rates, which can result in unemployment, low-paid work and exploitation, making it difficult to break the poverty cycle
  • Reduces access to education, 
health services, food security, water, employment and a decent standard of living.
  • Less income generated through 
tax for governments to spend on resources for their citizens, such 
as education, healthcare and 
social protection
32
Q

impact of safe water on health and wellbeing

A

PHYSICAL: Increases the risk of diseases such as cholera, contributing to dehydration and malnutrition. Collecting water can take serval hours and is dangerous work increasing the risk of injury and physical exhaustion


SOCIAL: Reduces the amount of time and chances for women and children to participate in their community and school. This impacts their ability to make friends and develop relationships and strong communication skills in their school environment.

MENTAL: May cause stress for women who need to provide water for their family


SPIRITUAL: Having to collect water, and the impact of unsafe water on the health status and health and wellbeing of a family, can result in feelings of hopelessness and thoughts of ‘why me?’. This can then lead to negative impacts on spiritual health and wellbeing.

EMOTIONAL:People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfair (young girls excluded from education).
However it may benefit self esteem if in charge of water wells

33
Q

impact of sanitation on health and wellbeing

A

PHYSICAL: Increase water borne disease risk. Dehydration and Malnutrition. Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities.

MENTAL: Increased stress/anxiety levels especially for women and girls.

SOCIAL: Girls may be excluded and not attend school. Public defecation may cause social anxiety for women and girls.

EMOTIONAL: People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and unfair (young girls excluded from education). However when latrines are built in communities and provided for girls it can mean that girls will attend school.

SPIRITUAL: They may not feel confident in their day to day life therefore they will not feel as though they have a purpose in lif

34
Q

impact of poverty on health and wellbeing

A

PHYSICAL: Increase disease risk.Malnutrition, the body cannot function in its day to day tasks.Lack of energy therefore cannot participate in activities such as school and work.

MENTAL: Increased stress/anxiety levels especially for women.Feelings of inadequacy.Effects ability to think and reason.

SOCIAL: Poverty may cause isolation and exclusion. Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced.

EMOTIONAL: People in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced. Increased anxiety for young girls and women.

SPIRITUAL: They may not be confident in their day to day life therefore loose their purpose in life. Loose hope as individuals as they cannot break through the cycle of poverty. Loss of spirit, hope and purpose in life

35
Q

impact of inequality and discrimination on health and wellbeing

A

PHYSICAL: ncrease risk of disease, self harm and attempted suicide.
Physical violence from others.
Lack of sleep and rest resulting in low energy levels.
Increase risk of illness.
Potential decreased access to healthcare increasing morbidity & mortality

MENTAL: Increased stress and distress levels. Restrictions in rights.
Feelings of inadequacy. Effects ability to think and reason.
Reduced access to education impacting development of thought process & thinking.

SOCIAL: solation and exclusion. Bullying.
Social stigma and discrimination may be experienced.
Increased chance of unemployment. Difficulty forming meaningful & satisfying relationships, low level of support within the community.

EMOTIONAL: people in communities may feel excluded and experience negative stress. Feelings of hopelessness and fear due to violence experienced.
Increased anxiety and fear of ongoing negative reactions.

SPIRITUAL: Loss of confidence in their day to day life therefore loose their purpose in life. Lose of spirit, hope and purpose in life. Feelings of helplessness.

36
Q

impact of global marketing and global distribution on health and wellbeing

A

PHYSICAL:

MENTAL:

SOCIAL:

EMOTIONAL:

SPIRITUAL:

37
Q

what is the impact of safe water on health status and burden of disease

A
  • Increases in infant mortality rates from communicable diseases such as cholera through using dirty water in infant formula.
  • Increased spread of illnesses such as diarrhoea, cholera, malaria and hookworm.
  • Lower life expectancy results from high infant mortality due to water-borne illness.
  • A lack of clean drinking water causes dehydration and under-nutrition.
38
Q

what is the impact of safe water on health status and burden of disease

A
  • Increases in infant mortality rates from communicable diseases such as cholera through using dirty water in infant formula.
  • Increased spread of illnesses such as diarrhoea, cholera, malaria and hookworm.
  • Lower life expectancy results from high infant mortality due to water-borne illness.
  • A lack of clean drinking water causes dehydration and under-nutrition.
39
Q

what is the impact of sanitation on health status and burden of disease

A
  • Increases infant mortality rates from communicable diseases.
  • Increases risk of spread of disease such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, malaria and hookworm.
  • Lowers life expectancy.
  • Increases U 5 Mortality.
  • All due to water borne disease.
  • Contributes to dehydration and under nutrition.
40
Q

what is the impact of poverty on health status and burden of disease

A
  • Increases in the burden of disease attributed to malnutrition and associated illness due to food insecurity.
  • Lower life expectancy due to reduced access to healthcare, food and a decent standard of living.
  • Low rates of immunisation, increasing rates of communicable diseases.
  • Increases the burden of disease, double burden of disease (where communicable diseases and lifestyle diseases are high).
  • Increase risk of spread of disease such as diarrhoea, cholera, malaria and hookworm.
  • High infant and U5MR
  • Increases maternal mortality (lack of access to maternal support services – women and neonates will die).
41
Q

what is the impact of inequality and discrimination on health status

A
  • Increases the burden of disease.
  • Higher rates of Mental health- depression and anxiety.
  • Increases infant mortality rates & U5 mortality.
  • Lower life expectancy.
  • Increased maternal mortality.
  • Women – younger age of child birth, many children, malnutrition. Women who are educated have healthier children and are more likely to adopt health promoting behaviours.
  • Lower levels of health care and education, domestic violence, financial insecurity, intense work labour and exhaustion.
42
Q

what are inequality and discrimination factors

A 
sex 
religion
race
sexual orientation 
gender identity
43
Q

what does the GNI do

A

it classifies countries based on their income levels

44
Q

what are the classifications that the world bank uses to group them based on their level of income

A

Low income
Lower-middle income
Upper-middle income
High income.

45
Q

environmental characteristics for high income countries

A
  • Infrastructure: roads, ports and airports enables global trade. Well developed piped water, sewerage systems, electricity and telecommunication systems.
  • Safe water and sanitation: available to high income countries.
  • Food security: have access to high quality food.
  • Adequate housing: access to high quality housing
  • Carbon monoxide emissions: Due to range of industries tend to emit more CO2 per person.
46
Q

environmental characteristics for middle income countries

A
  • Infrastructure: process of building infrastructure and developing trading links around the world
  • Safe water and sanitation: available to many middle income countries.
  • Adequate housing: Lack access to adequate housing especially in urban slums
  • Carbon monoxide emissions: susceptible to impacts of climate change.
47
Q

environmental characteristics for low income countries

A
  • Infrastructure: lack the infrastructure, knowledge and production capabilities to produce a range of goods and services to trade on a global scale. Lack of access to piped water, sewerage etc. especially in rural, remote and slums.
  • Safe water and sanitation: limited access in low income countries.
  • Food security: lack access to food security. Sometimes as a result of a lack of resilience to the impact of natural disasters.
  • Adequate housing: Lack access to adequate housing especially in urban slums
  • Carbon monoxide emissions: susceptible to impacts of climate change.
48
Q

economic characteristics for high income countries

A
  • Trade: Wide range of industries: mining, processing, manufacturing, education, healthcare, scientific research and technology.
  • Poverty: High incomes and low levels of poverty
  • Debt: high
49
Q

economic characteristics for middle income countries

A
  • Trade; transition period, experiencing increasing trade opportunities and growing economies. (aspects of both high and Low income countries)
  • Extreme Poverty: high levels of extreme poverty
50
Q

economic characteristics for low income countries

A

-Trade: Limited range of industries, usually farming and primary production.
-Extreme Poverty: High levels of extreme poverty
Debt: low levels

51
Q

social characteristics for high income countries

A
  • Gender equality: High levels- both males and females have opportunities and choices in education, employment, community participation, and family planning.
  • Birth rates: Low birth rates
  • Education & employment: High rates of education and employment.
  • Social security: Governments provide social security payments. Sickness and disability benefits
  • Healthcare system: access to health care regardless of ability to pay
  • Access to technology: high level of accessibility to communication, internet and medical technology.
  • Legal systems: Strong, stable political systems
52
Q

social characteristics for middle income countries

A
  • Gender equality: greater levels of gender equality than low income countries with more females in paid employment.
  • Birth rates: High birth rates
  • Education & employment: greater education opportunities as governments contribute significant funds to education system.
  • Social security: generally no social security system.
  • Healthcare system: lack of access to healthcare
  • Access to technology: limited access.
  • Legal systems: some countries have unstable governments and civil unrest.
53
Q

social characteristics for low income countries

A
  • Gender equality: Females do not have same opportunities as males. Females have limited opportunities for education and spend time collecting water, preparing meals and working fields.
  • Birth rates: High birth rates ( limited access to contraception, carer choices, education, gender equality and culture)
  • Education & employment: Poor education system and families need to pay for children to attend school.
  • Social security: no social security system
  • Healthcare system: lack of access to healthcare.
  • Access to technology: limited access
  • Legal systems: many countries have unstable and civil unrest. , leading to reduced human rights.
54
Q

extreme poverty

A

living off 1.90$ or less a day in US dollars

55
Q

relative poverty

A

living off less than 50% of a counties income

56
Q

poverty cycle

A

low income - poor living conditions - poor health and wellbeing - lack of education - inability to secure meaningful employment

HHD (6 decks)

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