Sac 1

Question 1

Geological stability in regards to Australia’s environment

Answer 1

Australia sits on the middle of a tectonic plate making it a very flat environment with little volcanic activity to regenerate the soil. This lack of movement causes nutrient deprived soils and is a major cause of dry land erosion.

Question 2

Indigenous perceptions

Answer 2

Closely connected with their spirituality to make sense of the landscape

Saw the land as mother

They are teated to and apart of the land

Question 3

Climatic variation in regards to Australia’s environment.

Answer 3

Australia’s vast and diverse landscape means for an erratic climate. Different parts of the country may undergo extreme consequences of a La Niña cycle; win floods and extreme rains, while other parts will be affected by prolonged droughts from a El Niño cycle.

Question 4

Indigenous interactions

Answer 4

Hunting for fauna like kangas fish and other mammals , women gathers edible plants and roots for food and to make baskets

Led a semi nomadic lifestyle moving with the seasons and following food supply and to preserve resources

Fire stick farming to manage environment

Question 5

Indigenous impacts

Answer 5

Largely low impact because of semi nomadism

Fire stick farming may have changed forest environments

Early over hunting may have cause extinction of some mega fauna

Question 6

Biological isolation regarding Australian fauna and flora

Answer 6

Australia seperated from Gondwana 60 million years ago isolating it from other land masses. This separation caused plant and animal species to find ways of adapting to thrive in their isolated environment. Examples species that have followed this pattern are marsupials like the kangaroo, wombat and koala.

Question 8

European non indigenous perceptions

Answer 8

They feared the harsh new foreign landscape and local indigenous people

Saw it as an opportunity to make a fortune and to get away from old life and start a family

No one owned the land- “Terra Nullis”

Question 9

European non indigenous interactions

Answer 9

Recreating the familiar by intoduxing animals like foxes and rabbits and plants like roses pine trees blackberries and potatoes

City and town development mainly along coastal regions

Exploration of land for farming and adventure

Question 10

European non indigenous impacts

Answer 10

Reduced use of fires ( fire stick farming) meant heavy undergrowth

Clearing of forests for farming and construction

Introduced species cause ongoing problems for land managers, eg. Rabbits can cause erosion from burrowing.

Question 11

How are European non indigenous relationships to the Australian environment different form local indigenous ones? And how do indigenous lifestyles encourage sustainability?

Answer 11

• European non indigenous detached themselves from the land
• introducing western aspects to make it feel like home
• feared the environment unlike indig
• indigenous believed their ancestors were the creators of the land and they were to live off and amongst it’s feature
• sustainable because they have a minimal impact as they followed the seasons and food supply semi nomadic ally

Question 12

What is fire stick farming? Why was it so important and 2 reasons it was so successful

Answer 12

Refers to the consistent and repeated use of fire to clear vegetation in certain areas.

• significant as it was used to clear areas for ceremonial pathways and sacred sites
• fire was used as a successful hunting tool to herd
• worked in conjunction with their semi nomadic lifestyle

Question 13

European non indigenous impacts on Victoria in their arrival- 3 examples

Answer 13

• increased use of irrigation and other agricultural practices led to dry land soil salinity problems
• industrialisation saw greater levels of pollution and change in flows of water from irrigation
• the introduced species like rabbits subsequently led to erosion from burrowing

Question 14

Terra Nullius

Answer 14

The land belonged to no one

Question 15

How did European non indigenous people try to recreate the familiar

Answer 15

Introducing animals like foxes and rabbits for farming

Plantation of European plants like roses, pine trees blackberries and potatoes wheat and corn

Question 16

Role of industrialisation in human relationships in the otways

Answer 16

Timber harvesting caused people to perceive the land as a resource

Interactions- land clearing and logging and the collected resources were utilised to make a profit

Impacts- pollution from industrial smog and chemicals seeping in to waterways in the otways reducing overall health of the environment

Question 17

Role of nation building in otways

Answer 17

Seen as a canvas
Perceptions that the land was in our ownership and had to be managed

In people’s best interest to conserve the raw materials of the otways

1919-32 , the construction of the G O R. Have greater access to and greater protection of parts of the otways

Question 19

Why did indigenous people lead a semi nomadic lifestyle, identify 3 examples that can be found in local area

Answer 19

Indigenous Australians lived a semi nomadic lifestyle that moved in a seasonal pattern from one location to another and back, following the food supply. 3 examples of evidence in local area include the scars on trees from making shields and canoes, she’ll middens on the coast and the art and rock paintings in caves.