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psych unit 1 exam > SAC 1 > Flashcards

SAC 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

A

the scientific study of the mind and behavior

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2
Q

WHAT IS PHRENOLOGY?

A

assessed a person’s personality and intelligence through feeling bumps on a person’s skull.

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3
Q

WHAT IS PSEUDOSCIENCE?

A

a fake or false science that is mistakenly regarded as being based on scientific method.

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4
Q

WHAT IS SPLIT BRAIN SURGERY?

A

cutting band of nerve tissue connecting hemispheres of brain to reduce epileptic seizures.

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE NATURE VS NURTURE DEBATE?

A

The nature vs nurture debate centers around whether individual differences in behavioural traits and personality are caused primarily by genes or environment.

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6
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN AREAS WITHIN PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT?

A

emotional, social, cognitive.

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7
Q

WHAT DAMAGE DID PHINEAS GAGE SUSTAIN?

A

metal pole went through his skull and through his frontal lobe

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8
Q

WHAT IS A CASE STUDY?

A

a thorough study of a single person, community or event that relies on observations, facts and experiments to gather information

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9
Q

WHAT IS EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT?

A

changes in how a person experiences, interprets and expresses the full range of emotions, and their ability to cope with them appropriately.

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10
Q

WHAT IS ATTACHMENT?

A

involves the formation of long lasting emotional bonds between two individuals

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11
Q

WHAT IS STRANGE SITUATION TEST BY MARY AINSWORTH?

A

an experiment Ainsworth designed to test children’s separation anxiety when isolated from their parent and their stranger anxiety when introduced to someone new

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12
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN ATTACHMENT TYPES?

A

secure, insecure resistant and insecure avoidant

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13
Q

WHAT BEHAVIORS ARE EXPECTED OF AN INFANT DISPLAYING A SECURE ATTACHMENT?

A

signs of distress when caregiver leaves, avoidant of strangers when alone, happy when caregiver come back, will use caregiver as a safe base.

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14
Q

WHAT BEHAVIORS ARE EXPECTED OF AN INFANT DISPLAYING A INSECURE RESISTANT ATTACHMENT?

A

signs of intense distress when caregiver leaves, avoids the stranger and shows fear, approaches caregiver but resists contact and may push them away, cries more when caregiver comes back.

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15
Q

WHAT BEHAVIORS ARE EXPECTED OF AN INFANT DISPLAYING A INSECURE AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT?

A

no sign of distress when caregiver leaves, fine with stranger, shows little interest when caregiver comes back, caregiver and stranger are able to comfort equally.

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16
Q

WHAT ARE KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT?

A

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience
Stage 2: Naive reward Orientation
Stage 3: Good Boy/Girl Orientation
Stage 4: Authority Orientation
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation
Stage 6: Individual Principles and Conscience Orientation

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17
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOCUS’ OF THINKING IN STAGE 1: PUNISHMENT AND OBEDIENCE?

A

when a child believes that obeying rules is important to avoid punishment.

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18
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOCUS’ OF THINKING IN STAGE 2: NAIVE REWARD ORIENTATION?

A

when children think obeying rules is important to gain rewards and they realise that people have their own agendas and these may conflict with others.

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19
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOCUS’ OF THINKING IN STAGE 3: GOOD BOY/GIRL ORIENTATION?

A

when right and wrong are determined by gaining approval of others and striving to be ‘nice’ and they can have empathy for others.

20
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOCUS’ OF THINKING IN STAGE 4: AUTHORITY ORIENTATION?

A

when right and wrong are determined by respecting authority and obeying the rules and laws put in place by society

21
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOCUS’ OF THINKING IN STAGE 5: SOCIAL CONTRACT ORIENTATION?

A

when society’s laws are seen to be important to follow for the maintenance of law and order, but they can be fallible and open to change.

22
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOCUS’ OF THINKING IN STAGE 6: INDIVIDUAL PRINCIPLES AND CONSCIENCE ORIENTATION?

A

when individuals beliefs may not always be consistent with society’s laws. If conscience is inconsistent with the law on issues such as human rights, justice and fairness, then it is acceptable to follow conscience rather than the law.

23
Q

WHAT IS ASSIMILATION?

A

process whereby new experiences are combined with existing schemata (basic blocks of knowledge). For example, learning what a car is and referring to all motor vehicles as cars.

24
Q

WHAT IS ACCOMMODATION?

A

When a child has a new experience, it causes the schemata to change or modify. For example, learning the difference between a truck and a car.

25
Q

WHAT ARE PIAGET’S 4 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT?

A
  1. sensorimotor stage 0-2
  2. preoperational stage 2-7
  3. concrete operational 7-11
  4. formal operational 12+
26
Q

WHAT ARE THE BEHAVIORS EXPECTED BY A CHILD DURING THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE?

A

learn about the world by coordinating sensory experiences

27
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY COGNITIVE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF A CHILD DURING THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE?

A

coordination of motor impulses and object permanence.

28
Q

WHAT BEHAVIOR IS EXPECTED OF A CHILD DURING HE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE?

A

imagination develops, develops symbolic thinking, ego centration in thinking

29
Q

WHAT THE KEY COGNITIVE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF A CHILD DURING THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE?

A

children develop irreversibility and egocentrism (inability to see something from another’s perspective)

30
Q

WHAT BEHAVIOR IS EXPECTED OF A CHILD DURING THE CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE?

A

thinking revolves around what they know and what they can experience.

31
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY COGNITIVE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF A CHILD DURING THE CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE?

A

mastery of conservations as well as reversibility and mental operations are used.

32
Q

WHAT BEHAVIOR IS EXPECTED OF A CHILD DURING THE FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE?

A

thinking becomes more complex and sophisticated.

33
Q

WHAT ARE THE KEY COGNITIVE ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF A CHILD DURING THE FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE?

A

development of abstract ideas and logical, systematic thinking is used.

34
Q

WHAT IS PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT?

A

involves changes not only in children’s overt behavior but also in their social cognition

35
Q

WHAT IS A PSYCHOSOCIAL CRISIS?

A

refers to a problem or challenge which a person must deal with in order to develop positive traits in the future

36
Q

WHAT ARE THE 8 STAGES OF ERIKSONS PSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT?

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. autonomy vs shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. identity vs role confusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
  8. integrity vs despair
37
Q

WHAT CRISIS FACED IN TRUST VS MISTRUST?

A

Infants are completely dependent on others, usually receive warmth, love and physical care and attention from caregiver-enables development of trust. Inconsistency in care can result in a sense of mistrust.

38
Q

WHAT CRISIS IS FACED IN AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT?

A

Autonomy refers to children wanting to explore independence in their mental and motor abilities. If caregivers are overprotective, being restrained or punished, the child may develop shame and doubt.

39
Q

WHAT CRISIS IS FACED IN INITIATIVE VS GUILT?

A

Parents will encourage initiative in children by allowing them freedom to play, act questions and choose activities. If parents criticise/stop children from playing, they may develop guilt.

40
Q

WHAT CRISIS IS FACED IN INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY?

A

Children become interested in how things are made/done. Encouragement of this may result in industry. If children are critiqued and their work considered messy or inadequate, they may develop feelings of inferiority.

41
Q

WHAT CRISIS IS FACED IN IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION?

A

Adolescents consider who they are and what they want to do with their lives, they begin to develop their own identity based on values, interests, culture etc… Adolescents that don’t develop this will experience role confusion.

42
Q

WHAT CRISIS IS FACED IN INTIMACY VS ISOLATION?

A

If someone attains intimacy, this refers to the ability to care for others and share experiences with them. This can only be achieved if a person already has a stable identity. An inability to develop deep relationships in this phase may lead to isolation.

43
Q

WHAT CRISIS IS FACED IN GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION?

A

Those that assist/care for the next generation demonstrate generativity. Those who are self-absorbed and fail to contribute may feel stagnation.

44
Q

WHAT CRISIS IS FACED IN INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR?

A

Adults who feel they made the right choices in life may feel a sense of integrity, this can lead to wisdom and the recognition that death is inevitable. If an adult feels unhappy about the life they led and missed opportunities, they may experience despair or regret.

45
Q

WHAT IS A SENSITIVE PERIOD?

A

refer to optimal development timeframes in which there is the opportunity to learn a skill or process in the fastest and easiest way, occurring when the brain is most sensitive to learning from environmental influences.

46
Q

WHAT IS A CRITICAL PERIOD?

A

refer to narrow and rigid periods in which a specific skill or function must be learnt, if not acquired during this time, may never develop or non typical behaviour may occur.

psych unit 1 exam (3 decks)

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