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Infection. > S5L2 - Infection Prevention > Flashcards

S5L2 - Infection Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

How are infections spread

A

From non-human source to humans

From person to person ( directly and indirectly)

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2
Q

What. Is a common source?

A

A source that passes on infection to many people, initiating a chain reaction.

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3
Q

Give 3 source examples

A

Environmental - Leginella pneumonphila ( causes legionnaires disease)
Food/water - food poisoning organisms, onward transmission possible
Animals - rabies, onwards transmission possible

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4
Q

What infections are transmitted by person to person direct contact?

A

Influenza
Nororvirus
Neisseria gonorrhoea

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5
Q

What infections are transmitted by person to person indirect transmission?

A

Malaria by mosquitos

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6
Q

What are the 4 consequences of transmission?

A

Endemic disease
Outbreak
Epidemic
Pandemic

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7
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

The usual background rate of transmission

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8
Q

What is an outbreak of disease

A

Two or more cases linked in time and place

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9
Q

What is an epidemic

A

A rate of infection greater than the usual background rate

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10
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Very high rate of infection spreading across many regions, countries and continents.
Reflects a strand that nobody is immune to

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11
Q

What does R0 mean?

A

The R0 is the average number of cases one case generates over the course of its infectious period in an otherwise uninfected , non-immune population.

The infectibility of a disease.

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12
Q

How does the R0 change?

A

If the number of cases increases, then the R0 >1
If the number of cases is stable then R0= 1 (endemic disease)
If there is a decrease in number then R0<1

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13
Q

What reasons are there for possible outbreaks/epidemics and pandemics?

A

New pathogen
New hosts
New practice (bringing pathogens and patients together)

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14
Q

What factors determine transmissibility?

A

The infectious dose. This is the number of microorganisms required to cause infection.
Varies by micro-organism, presentation of micro-organism and immunity of potential host)

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15
Q

What are epidemic curves?

A

A graph plotting number of people infected at each time interval (y) against time (X)

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16
Q

What shape is an epidemic curve?

A

Bell shaped.

As initially uninfected but susceptible, then infected, then recovered and immune.

17
Q

What nature is displayed by small scale outbreaks on epidemic curves?

A

A stochastic nature (random)

18
Q

What interventions can be used against the pathogen/vector ?

A 
Reduction or eradication of pathogen 
- antibacterial including disinfectants
- decontamination
- sterilisation
Reduce/eradicate of vector
Eliminate vector breeding sites
19
Q

What interventions can be used to stop patient transmission

A 
Improve health 
- nutrition
- medical treatment 
immunity
- passive (maternal antibody, intravenous immunoglobin)
- active (vaccination)
20
Q

What interventions can be used against practice?

A

Behavioural change

  • safe sex
  • safe disposal of sharps
  • food and drink preparation standards

Avoid pathogen or its vector

  • Geographic
  • Protective clothing/ equipment (long sleeves against mosquito bites)
  • PPE in hospitals (gloves, gowns, masks)
21
Q

What interventions can be used against place?

A

Environmental engineering

  • safe water
  • safe air
  • Good quality housing
  • well designed healthcare facilities
22
Q

Describe herd immunity

A

When a small portion of the population is vaccinated, it can decrease the overall infection spread/R0 of the disease as less people will catch the disease and therefore wont be able to spread it forward.

23
Q

What is a consequence of good intervention?

A

Decreased incidence or elimination of disease/organism (smallpox/polio/dracunculiasis)

24
Q

What is a consequence of good intervention?

A 
Decreased exposure to pathogen
Decreased immune stimulus
Decreased antibody
Increased susceptibles
Outbreak
25
Q

What is a consequence of later average age of exposure?

A

Increased severity of disease (polio, Hepatitis A, chicken pox, congenital rubella)

26
Q

What is surveillance?

A

Observing the progression of infection.
What is happening now? Where?
What might happen?

Infection. (10 decks)

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