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Pathological Processes > S4) Wound Healing > Flashcards

S4) Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 general steps in wound healing?

A

1) Haemostasis
2) Inflammation
3) Regeneration (resolution) and/or fibrous organisation

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2
Q

What is Regeneration?

A

Restoring tissue with no evidence of injury

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3
Q

Which layers of the skin do abrasions and ulcers affect respectively?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

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4
Q

Where are stem cells found in:

The skin

Intestine

Liver

A

Epidermis

Intestinal mucosa

Liver

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5
Q

Give an example of:

Unipotent stem cells

Multipotent stem cells

Totipotent stem cells

A

Adults stem cells

Haemopoietic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells

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6
Q

What is another word for renewing tissues?

In which tissues can Regeneration occur?

A

Labile

Labile or stable

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7
Q

What is organisation and when does it occur?

A

Healing with the formation of scar tissue

When there is significant tissue loss or a permanent tissue is injured

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8
Q

Which structure needs to be intact for regeneration to occur?

A

Collagen framework

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9
Q

What does granulation tissue contain?

A

Developing capillaries, (myo)fibroblasts and chronic inflammatory cells

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10
Q

Which cells are involved in wound contraction and what do they do?

A

Inflammatory cells:

  • Neutrophils and macrophages phagocytose debris
  • Lymphocytes and macrophages produce chemical mediators

Endothelial cells proliferate - angiongenesis

Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts - produce extracellular matrix proteins and wound contraction

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11
Q

Clinical symptoms:

Scurvy (3)

A

Poor wound healing

Bleeding tendency

Tooth loss - collagen in periodontal ligament defective

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12
Q

Clinical symptoms:

Ehlers Danlos (2)

A

Rupture of colon, large arteries or cornea

Retinal detachment

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13
Q

Clinical symptoms:

Osteogenesis imperfecta (3)

A

Blue sclera - sclera are translucent

Deformation of long bones

Frequent fractures

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14
Q

Alport syndrome:

What causes it?

What are the effects of it?

Clinical symptoms?

A

X linked recessive disorder - abnormal type 4 collagen

Defective glomerular, cochlear and lens basement membrane

Haematuria causing renal failure
Neural failure
Eye disorders

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15
Q

Growth factors:

Which genes code for them?

2 examples of what they do

Which cells secrete them?

4 examples of growth factors

A

Proto-oncogenes

Inhibition of division, angiogenesis

Platelets, macrophages and endothelial cells

Epidermal, vegF, platelet derived, TNF

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16
Q

Which molecules bind cells to eachother?

Which molecules binds cells to the extracellular matrix?

A

Cadherins

Integrins

17
Q

What are the two levels of skin grafts?

At which levels of skin are they taken from?

A

Split and full thickness

Epidermis and dermis

18
Q

Factors affecting wound healing:

Local (5)

General (4)

A

Local:

Type, size and location of wound

Mechanical stress

Blood supply

Local infection

Foreign bodies

19
Q

Factors affecting wound healing:

General (4)

A

Age

Obesity

Diabetes

Vitamin deficiency

20
Q

Complications of fibrous repair (6)

A

Insufficient fibrosis – hernia, ulceration

Formation of adhesions – comprises function / blocks tubes

Loss of function – parenchymal cells replaced by scar tissue

Disruption of tissue relationships within an organ

Overproduction of scar tissue – keloid scar

Excessive scar contraction

21
Q

What causes pressure sores?

A

Ulcerated areas of skin resulting in skin ischaemia

22
Q

Which patients are more at risk of pressure sores? (5)

A

Elderly

Immobile

Paralysed / altered sensation

Rheumatoid arthritis

Diabetes mellitus

23
Q

How can pressure sores be prevented? (3)

A

Changing the patients position

Pillow, fleece under the heels, special mattresses and beds

Treat the patients general condition

24
Q

How can pressure sores be treated (4)

A

Pain relief

Dressings

Antibiotics

Surgery

Pathological Processes (5 decks)

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