S4) The Knee Flashcards
Identify and describe the three types of ligaments found in the knee joint
- Patellar ligament – a continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon distal to the patella
- Collateral ligaments – tibial (medial) collateral ligaments and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments
- Cruciate ligaments – anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
Compare and contrast the structure of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments
- Medial collateral ligament is wide and flat
- Lateral collateral ligament is thinner and rounder
State the function of the collateral ligaments
The medial and lateral collateral ligaments act to stabilise the hinge motion of the knee, preventing any medial or lateral movement
State the origin and attachment of the medial collateral ligament
- Origin: medial epicondyle of the femur
- Attachment: medial surface of the tibia
State the origin and attachment of the lateral collateral ligament
- Origin: lateral epicondyle of the femur
- Attachment: depression on the lateral surface of the fibular head
State the respective functions of the ACL and PCL
- ACL: prevents anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur
- PCL: prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur
State the origin and attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament
- Origin: anterior intercondylar region of the tibia
- Attachment: intercondylar fossa of femur
State the origin and attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament
- Origin: posterior intercondylar region of the tibia
- Attachment: femur in the intercondylar fossa
What are the menisci and what do they do?
The medial and lateral menisci are fibrocartilage structures in the knee that deepen the articular surface of the tibia, stabilising the joint and acting as shock absorbers
Describe the attachments of the menisci
- Both menisci are attached at both ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia
- The medial meniscus is also fixed to the tibial collateral ligament and the joint capsule (less mobile)
What is the knee joint?
The knee joint is a bicondylar type synovial join formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia
Describe the two articulations of the knee joint
- Tibiofemoral – medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the tibia
- Patellofemoral – anterior and distal part of the femur articulate with the patella
Identify the 4 main movements possible at the knee joint and the muscles involved
- Extension: quadriceps femoris muscles
- Flexion: hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus
- Lateral rotation: biceps femoris
- Medial rotation: semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus
Describe the arterial supply of the knee joint
Arterial supply via genicular anastomoses around the knee, which arise from the genicular branches of the femoral and popliteal arteries
Describe the innervation of the knee joint
Nerves which cross the knee joint – femoral, tibial and common fibular nerves
What is the patella?
The patella (knee-cap) is a sesamoid type bone located at the front of the knee joint, within the patellofemoral groove of the femur
State the superior and inferior attachments of the patella
- Superior: quadriceps tendon attaches to patellar base
- Inferior: patellar ligament attaches to tibial tuberosity
The patella has a triangular shape, with anterior and posterior surfaces.
Describe its bony landmarks
- The apex is situated inferiorly on the bone
- The base forms the superior aspect of the bone
What does the posterior surface of the patella articulate with?
The posterior surface of the patella articulates with the femur
Identify and describe the following bursae related to the knee:
- Suprapatellar bursa: between femur & quadriceps tendon
- Prepatellar bursa: between patella & skin
- Deep infrapatellar bursa: between tibia & patella ligament
- Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa: between tibial tuberosity & skin
- Popliteal bursa: between popliteus tendon & capsule
What is the abnormality observed in the image below?
Patellar dislocation
What is a patellar dislocation?
- A patellar dislocation occurs when the patella bone is displaced out of the patellofemoral groove
- Most occur laterally and are caused by high force impact on the patella or forceful sudden twisting of the knee
What are patellar fractures?
- Patellar fractures are fractures which result from direct trauma to the patellar bone or sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle
- The proximal fragment will be displaced superiorly by the quadriceps tendon and the distal fragment is pulled inferiorly by the patellar ligament
Identify the 7 different types of patellar fractures
- Undisplaced
- Transverse
- Lower or upper pole
- Multifragmented undisplaced
- Multifragmented displaced
- Vertical
- Osteochondral
What is housemaid’s knee?
- Housemaid’s knee is a clinical condition arising from friction between the skin and the patella causing the inflammation of the prepatella bursa
- It produces a swelling on the anterior side of the knee
What is Clergymen’s knee?
Clergymen’s knee is a clinical condition occuring due to friction between the skin and tibia, causing the infrapatella bursa to become inflamed
What is the unhappy triad?
- The unhappy triad is a clinical condition occuring from damage to to medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament
- This occurs due to lateral force on an extended knee and due to the attachment of the medial collateral ligament to the medial meniscus, it is ruptured too
