s4, s2 splitting & more Flashcards
When asked about the physiopathological cause of the s4 think always about __________ ventricle
noncompliant ventricle
2 main causes of s4 sound are
in old age or
from any cause of ventricular hypertrophy
Causes of ventricular hypertrophy are
hypertension
aortic stenosis
HCM
Splitting of the second heart sound can be physiologic (___________[why and how] ____________-) or pathologic (_________________)
during inspiration due to decreased intrathoracic pressure
e.g., fixed splitting due to right ventricular overload
Fixed s2 splitting and its Right ventricular overload are caused by:
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Severe RV failure
A patent ductus arteriosus has as auscultation finding:
a loud continuous machinery murmur