S3 THE EMERGENCE OF CSR Flashcards
CSR
Voluntary integration of social and environmental concerns by companies in their operations
Corporations act as intermediaries >< global markets and community interests
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE NEEDED BC :
Tackling issues that transcend national borders, like climate change, pandemics, economics crises
Act as a framework to collaboratively address these intertwines challenges and work towards a stable, equitable and sustainable future.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Collaboration & coordinations of governance at the International level
Involves multiple countries working together to address global issues.
(Cross-border issues requiring international cooperation)
GOVERNANCE
Systems, processes and policies through which organizations, governments, manage their operations and make decisions. (Nation, community, local)
GOVERNANCE INVOLVES :
Setting rules, ensuring they are followed and making adjustments if needed
EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE AIMS :
To achieve goals transparently and responsibly ensuring accountability and fairness
INTERNATIONAL REGIMES
Stephen Krasner
Sets of principles, norms and rules shaping expectations in international relations
Actors’ expectations converge in a given area of international relations
EX OF INTERNATIONAL REGIMES :
United Nation System : collection of regimes.
Treaties and organizations
ELEMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL REGIMES :
- Formative convention or treaty that stipulates problems, principles and practices
- Administrative secretariat or office with various organizational powers and responsibilities
- Various related or subsidiary organs and agencies
- Periodic or regular meetings of the parties to the agreement
- Associated agreements and protocols “
NEOLIBERAL INSTITUTIONALISM
Robert Keohane (1970)
Importance of international institutions in promoting cooperation among states.
=> states have common interests and values. Trade is an essential common interest
Institutions have an important role : providing a platform for states to interact predictably and repeatedly.
=> Facilitate communication and realization of these common interests
Potential for reciprocity => SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
SHADOW OF THE FUTURE
Where states are more likely to cooperate if they anticipate future interactions.
More likely to cooperate if they expect future interactions with one another.
NATION-STATES : MAINTAIN A CENTRAL ROLE
In global arrangements :
- Sovereignty, each can regulate within its own jurisdictional space
- Must agree to regulate
- Enforcement of regulations, depend on judicial and police powers of state
- Implementation : take place at a national and subnational levels
NATIONAL POSITION
Stance or approach a country takes on international issues
Shaped by its interests, values, political system and historical context
IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES
- Divergent opinions from sector to sector (environment, business, labor, civil society)
- Certain views of interests may not be reflected in the national position which can potentially cause tensions >< government policies and sectoral priorities
Backlash against Globalization
- Benefits are highly unequal
- Imbalance in global rule-making
- Vulnerability of many people to economic instability and social dislocation
HOW DID GLOBALIZATION TRIGGER A BACKLASH
1 - Declining public expenditures
2 - Stagnating wages
3 - Identity and accountability
- DECLINING PUBLIC EXPENDITURES
- Globalization promotes free trade and open markets
- This may cause governments to reduce public spending on social services, healthcare, education to stay competitive
- Leading to public discontent since people are feeling that their need are being neglected
- STAGNATING WAGES
- Job may be outsourced to countries with cheaper labor
- Benefits of economic growth can be not evenly distributed = frustration and economic inequality
- IDENTITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
- Erode local cultures and identities = loss and disconnection among communities
- Global brands and media can overtake the local ones
EMBEDDEDNESS
Karl Polanyi (1886-1964)
- MARKET REGULATION (embedded)
- Economy is integrated in the society
- Economic activities are shaped by social norms, relations and values
Serve as societal goals - FREE MARKET (disembedded)
- Economy operates independently of societal influences
- Economic transactions are driven purely by market forces (ignoring anything related to social or environmental consequences)
KARL POLANYI argues that a healthy economy should be embedded with the society and also focus on social well-being
RUGGIE’S ARGUMENT
Corporation have a bridging role between the global economy and local communities.
This relationship helps the emergence of global public domain
EMERGENCE OF NON-STATE ACTORS
Civil society
CSR
UN Global Compact
GLOBAL PUBLIC DOMAIN
- Global economic and local communities interests converge
- Making a platform for shared problem-solving and inclusive governance.
NON-STATE ACTORS (NSAs)
Individuals or groups that influence international relations and global policies but NOT AFFILIATED with any government.
