S3 - Applications of Organics

Question 1

Describe an exothermic reaction?

Answer 1

A reaction or process that releases heat energy

Question 2

What is combustion?

Answer 2

Combustion is when a substance reacts with oxygen releasing energy.

Question 3

When hydrocarbons and alcohols burn in a plentiful supply of oxygen what is produced?

Answer 3

In a plentiful supply of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water are produced

Question 4

When hydrocarbons and alcohols burn without a plentiful supply of oxygen what is produced?

Answer 4

Without a plentiful supply of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon and water are produced

Question 5

Formula to calculate heat energy released

Answer 5

Eh = cmΔT

Question 6

Why are alcohols used as fuels

Answer 6

Alcohols are used as fuels as they are highly flammable and burn with very clean flames

Question 7

What is miscible?

Answer 7

Will dissolve; soluble

Question 8

Are methanol, ethanol and propanol soluble?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What is the solubility trend of alcohols?

Answer 9

Solubility decreases as size increases

Question 10

What is the functional group of alcohols

Answer 10

hydroxyl group

Question 11

What is the general formula for a saturated, straight chain alcohol

Answer 11

Cn H2n+1 OH

Question 12

Carboxylic acids are used in the preparation of …

Answer 12

preservatives, soaps and medicines

Question 13

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids

Answer 13

Carboxyl group, COOH

Question 14

What are most plastics and synthetic fibres made from

Answer 14

Oil, crude oil

Question 15

What is meant by synthetic in ‘synthetic fibre’

Answer 15

man made/ man made material

Question 16

What are 3 or more examples of natural and synthetic fibres (3 each) and their uses

Answer 16

Natural
- silk - clothing
- cotton - clothing & textiles
- wool - clothing & textiles
- bamboo - furniture, fabrics, cloth, paper
- Hemp - ope, textiles, clothing, paper, bioplastics, insulation.
- wood - furniture, construction

Synthetic
- Nylon - plastic machine parts, clothing, nets, ropes
- polyester - clothing & textiles
- acrylic - lenses, nails, paint, med devices, furniture
- rayon

Question 17

Advantages of natural materials

Answer 17

• biodegradable
• renewable
• mostly water absorbent

Question 18

Advantages of synthetic materials

Answer 18

• Flexible
• durable
• lightweight
• cheap
• mostly water resistant

Question 19

Disadvantages of natural materials

Answer 19

• can be expensive
• wears out easier and faster
• less durable
• harder to mass produce

Question 20

Disadvantages of synthetic materials

Answer 20

• made from crude oil
• non biodegradable
• manufacturing emissions

Question 21

How are the properties of plastics related to their uses

Answer 21

Durability, cheapness and lightness all lend themselves to packaging

Shampoo bottle is durable, flexible and water resistant

Question 22

What is biodegradable

Answer 22

If something is biodegradable then it will decompose on it’s own without human interference in a short timescale

Question 23

Why is plastic’s non biodegradability an issue

Answer 23

• Harmful plastic will take a long time to decompose, 20 to 500 years
• Plastic can break down into microplastics which accumulate in the environment, have a negative effect on animals and through our consumption of animal products will negatively effect our health in that we too will ingest these microplastics.

Question 24

What type of material is a plastic

Answer 24

polymer

Question 25

What is meant by monomer

Answer 25

A monomer is a small unsaturated molecule which when joined together with multiple identical monomers forms a polymer

Question 26

What is a polymer

Answer 26

Polymers are long chain molecules formed by joining together a large number of small molecules called monomers.

Question 27

What is a repeating unit

Answer 27

A repeating unit is the shortest section of polymer chain which, if repeated, would yield the complete polymer chain (except for the end-groups).

Question 28

What is addition polymerisation

Answer 28

Addition polymerisation is the name given to a chemical reaction in which unsaturated monomers join together forming a polymer

Question 29

What is the mpt and bpt trend for carboxylic acids

Answer 29

As the no. of carbons increase the mpt and bpts decrease

Question 30

What is a hydration reaction

Answer 30

The addition of water to an alkene which produces an alcohol

Question 31

What is an addition reaction

Answer 31

Adding any diatomic molecule to an alkene

Question 32

What is hydrogenation

Answer 32

Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen gas to an alkene, this produces an alkane.

Question 33

What is halogenation

Answer 33

Addition of a halogen to an alkene this produces a dihaloalkane

Question 34

0

Answer 34

0

Question 35

Are Alkanes soluble

Answer 35

No

Question 36

What are the products, reactants and catalysts in the cotswold process

Answer 36

Makes nitric acid from oxygen, water and ammonia uses platinum catalyst

Question 37

What are the products and catalyst of haber process

Answer 37

Makes ammonia uses iron catalyst

Question 38

How can you form an insoluble salt

Answer 38

An insoluble salt can be made by mixing two solutions of soluble salts in a process is called precipitation.

Question 39

What is a neutralisation reaction

Answer 39

Making a soluble salt by neutralising a soluble acid and an alkali (a soluble base)

Question 40

General formula alcohols

Answer 40

CnH2n+1OH

Question 41

General formula for alkanes

Answer 41

CnH2n+2

Question 42

General formula for alkenes

Answer 42

CnH2n