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Y2S1 Advanced concepts in Human Physiology and Health- Cardiorespiratory Physiology and Pharmacology: Cardiorespiratory Physiology and Pharmacology > S2W4 L1- Circulatory Physiology- Regulation of MAP- Al Benson > Flashcards

S2W4 L1- Circulatory Physiology- Regulation of MAP- Al Benson Flashcards

1
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

CO x total peripheral resistance

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2
Q

two factors that increase CO

A

increased SV
increased HR

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3
Q

two factors which increase HR

A

decreased parasymp impulses

increased symp impulses and adrenal medulla hormones

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4
Q

two factors which increase SV

A

increased symp impulses and adrenal medulla hormones

increased venous return

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5
Q

4 factors which increase venous return

A

increase blood vol
skeletal muscle pump
resp pump
vasoconstriction

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6
Q

3 factors which increase systemic vascular resistance

A

increased blood viscosity
increased total blood vessel length
decreased blood vessel radius

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7
Q

a factor which increases total blood vessel length

A

increased body size- obesity

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8
Q

a factor which increases blood viscosity

A

polycythaemia- increased number of rbc

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9
Q

where is the CV centre located

A

medulla oblongata

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10
Q

what are the CV centre inputs

A

higher brain centres
( cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus)
proprioceptors
baroreceptors
chemoreceptors

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11
Q

what are the CV centre outputs

A

vagus nerve -> heart

cardiac accelerator nerve->
heart

vasomotor nerves -> blood vessels

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12
Q

effect of increased frequency of impulses from vagus nerve to heart

A

decreased HR

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13
Q

effect of increased frequency of impulses from cardiac accelerator nerve to heart

A

increase HR and contractility

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14
Q

effect of increased frequency of impulses from vasomotor nerve to blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction

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15
Q

how are baroreceptors excited

A

increased atrial pressure, increased distending pressure on atrial wall, increased stretch

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16
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

adeventitial layer of arterial walls in carotid sinus and aortic arch

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17
Q

what afferent projections do barorrecptors have and where to

A

IX and X cranial nerves projections to CV centre

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18
Q

what is the response when baroreceptors are activated

A

increase in MAP, increase parasymp stim of afferent, decrease symp stim of afferent, decrease SA node rate of firing, decrease ventricular myocardial contraction

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19
Q

what is baroreflex an example of

A

negative homeostasis feedback loop

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20
Q

respone of orthostasis

A

decrease MAP, decrease baroreceptor stim,
CV centre decreases vagal outflow to heart and increases symp outflow in cardiac and vasomotor nerves

21
Q

what is cerebral perfusion

A

delivery of blood to neural tissue in brain

22
Q

first response of orthostasis

A

MAP decreases. baroreceptor stimulation decreases

23
Q

why does baroreceptor stimulation decrease during orthostasis

A

decreased pulse pressure and decreased carotid sinus pressure (gravity)

24
Q

what is the response of the CV centre when orthostasis causes decreases baroreceptor stimulation

A

decreases vagal outflow to heart and increases sympathetic outflow in cardiac and vasomotor nerves

25
Q

what is the result of the CV centre responses to orthostasis

A

increase in HR, increase cardiac contractility, limiting fall in cardiac output by 20%, TPR increases by 30-40%, overall MAP increases 10-15mmHg above supine level

26
Q

what is responsible for the long term regulation of MAP

A

cardiopulmonary stretch receptors and hormonal influences

27
Q

two types of cardiopulmonary stretch receptors

A

atrial and pulmonary stretch receptors

28
Q

difference between atrial baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary stretch receptors

A

cardiopulmonary receptors respond to lower pressures

29
Q

primary role of cardiopulmonary stretch receptors

A

regulate blood volume

30
Q

when stimulation of cardiopulmonary stretch receptors is decreased, what is initiated

A

reflex release of antidiuretic hormone (e.g ADH & vasopressin) from hypothalamus

31
Q

two ways which ADH increase blood volume

A

increases reabsorption of fluid from renal tubules

reduces rate of glomerular filtration by constricting afferent renal arteries

32
Q

another effect of ADH

A

vasoconstrictor effect particularly in splanchnic circulation increasing TPR

33
Q

where are chemoreceptors located

A

carotid aortic bodies

34
Q

3 things that stimulate chemoreceptors

A

hypoxia
hypercaprea
acidosis

35
Q

what does stimualtion of chemoreceptos lead to

A

sympathetically mediated peripheral vasoconstriction

36
Q

overall effect of chemorecpetors

A

increase CO2
increase TPR
increase MAP

37
Q

what is the most important long term determinant of BP

A

blood volume

38
Q

what cells in the kidney detect low blood volume or low renal blood flow

A

juxtaglomerular cells

39
Q

what is released when juxtoglomerular cells detect low BV and low renal blood flow

A

renin enzyme

40
Q

action of renin enzyme

A

angiotensinogen-> angiotensin I

41
Q

three actions of angiotensin II

A

increase thirst
vasoconstriction
adrenal gland releases abosterone

42
Q

action of abosterone on kidney

A

salt/ water retention
causes BP to rise

43
Q

what NS is the adrenal medulla an extension of

A

the sympathetic NS

44
Q

when is adrenaline and noradrenaline released

A

in response to stimulation of sympathetic preganglionic fibres

45
Q

effects of adrenaline

A

increase CO mediated by B adrenoceptors causing increase in MAP

46
Q

effect of noradrenaline

A

vasoconstriction via alpha receptors, increased total peripheral resistance

47
Q

Atrial Natiueretic Peptide (ANP) action

A

vasodilation
promotes Na+ excretion in kidneys
reduces MAP

48
Q

NO action

A

causes local vasodilation

49
Q
A

Y2S1 Advanced concepts in Human Physiology and Health- Cardiorespiratory Physiology and Pharmacology: Cardiorespiratory Physiology and Pharmacology (4 decks)

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