S2_L1: Ethical Considerations in Research Flashcards
_______ were a series of military tribunals held after World War II to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other offenses
Nuremberg Trials
TRUE OR FALSE: The physicians who experimented in the Nuremberg Trial has prisoners go to hypothermic places naked. This was done to observe how long a muscle could endure in such extreme heat.
A. Both statement is true
B. Both statement is false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true
C. Only the 1st statement is true
TRUE OR FALSE: In the Nuremberg Trial, physicians killed the prisoners after the experiment. However, they were not found guilty for their deeds.
A. Both statement is true
B. Both statement is false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true
C. Only the 1st statement is true
TRUE OR FALSE: The Nuremberg Trial started when medical doctors were found guilty doing inhumane experiments on the imprisoners of war.
True
______ a set of ethical principles and guidelines for conducting human experimentation in medical research
Nuremberg Code
The Nuremberg code consists of _____ principles that emphasize the importance of voluntary and informed consent, minimizing harm to participants, and conducting research with a sound scientific basis
ten
Which event prompted the creation of the Nuremberg Code?
A. World War I
B. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
C. Nazi medical experiments
D. The development of the polio vaccine
C. Nazi medical experiments
What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?
A. To regulate clinical trials
B. To protect the rights of research subjects
C. To establish international medical standards
D. To promote medical research without restrictions
B. To protect the rights of research subjects
Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of informed consent?
A. Principle 1
B. Principle 2
C. Principle 3
D. Principle 4
A. Principle 1
The Nuremberg Code requires that research experiments should:
A. Prioritize the sponsor’s interests
B. Minimize risks to participants
C. Exclude individuals with certain medical conditions
D. Be conducted without external oversight
B. Minimize risks to participants
According to the Nuremberg Code, the voluntary consent of human subjects is:
A. Optional if the research is deemed important
B. Not required for non-invasive studies
C. Absolutely essential
D. Only necessary for minors
C. Absolutely essential
In the context of the Nuremberg Code, what is meant by “full legal capacity”?
A. The ability to understand complex medical terminology
B. The capacity to provide informed consent without coercion or constraint
C. Being of legal drinking age
D. Holding a medical degree
B. The capacity to provide informed consent without coercion or constraint
Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the importance of avoiding experiments that could lead to death or disability?
A. Principle 6
B. Principle 7
C. Principle 8
D. Principle 9
A. Principle 6
What was the historical significance of the Nuremberg Trials in relation to the Nuremberg Code?
A. The Nuremberg Trials established the ethical principles of the Nuremberg Code.
B. The Nuremberg Trials were unrelated to the Nuremberg Code.
C. The Nuremberg Trials occurred after the Nuremberg Code was created.
D. The Nuremberg Trials were a response to violations of the Nuremberg Code.
D. The Nuremberg Trials were a response to violations of the Nuremberg Code.
The Nuremberg Code was a significant precursor to the development of which international document?
A. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
B. The Geneva Conventions
C. The World Health Organization Charter
D. The Helsinki Declaration
D. The Helsinki Declaration
In the context of the Nuremberg Code, what is meant by “unnecessary suffering”?
A. Suffering that can be justified for the greater good
B. Suffering that is experienced by all research subjects
C. Suffering that exceeds potential benefits of the research
D. Suffering that is inherent in all medical experiments
C. Suffering that exceeds potential benefits of the research
According to the Nuremberg Code, who should be responsible for ensuring that research is conducted ethically?
A. Research subjects
B. Government authorities
C. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
D. Funding agencies
C. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
What is the main purpose of Principle 10 of the Nuremberg Code?
A. To protect researchers from legal liability
B. To ensure equal representation of all races in experiments
C. To prevent any form of research experimentation
D. To prevent violations of the code in the name of national security
D. To prevent violations of the code in the name of national security
Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes that subjects should have the freedom to withdraw from the experiment at any time?
A. Principle 1
B. Principle 2
C. Principle 5
D. Principle 9
D. Principle 9
According to the Nuremberg Code, what should be the focus when selecting research subjects?
A. Vulnerable populations
B. Volunteers from the general population
C. Individuals with a history of participation in research
D. Prison inmates
B. Volunteers from the general population
The Nuremberg Code was established in what year?
1947
Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the importance of conducting research based on a solid scientific foundation?
A. Principle 7
B. Principle 8
C. Principle 9
D. Principle 10
B. Principle 8
The Nuremberg Code requires that experiments be conducted by:
A. Any qualified researcher
B. Medical doctors only
C. Trained professionals with proper qualifications
D. Research institutions exclusively
C. Trained professionals with proper qualifications
Which principle of the Nuremberg Code prohibits experiments that can be avoided for non-human studies?
A. Principle 4
B. Principle 5
C. Principle 6
D. Principle 8
A. Principle 4
In the context of the Nuremberg Code, “Experimentation should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society” relates to which principle?
A. Principle 4
B. Principle 5
C. Principle 6
D. Principle 7
C. Principle 6
Which principle of the Nuremberg Code addresses the importance of avoiding unnecessary suffering and injury to subjects?
A. Principle 5
B. Principle 6
C. Principle 7
D. Principle 8
A. Principle 5