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(3) Physical Therapy Ethics > S2_L1: Ethical Considerations in Research > Flashcards

S2_L1: Ethical Considerations in Research Flashcards

1
Q

_______ were a series of military tribunals held after World War II to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and other offenses

A

Nuremberg Trials

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The physicians who experimented in the Nuremberg Trial has prisoners go to hypothermic places naked. This was done to observe how long a muscle could endure in such extreme heat.

A. Both statement is true
B. Both statement is false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

C. Only the 1st statement is true

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In the Nuremberg Trial, physicians killed the prisoners after the experiment. However, they were not found guilty for their deeds.

A. Both statement is true
B. Both statement is false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

C. Only the 1st statement is true

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Nuremberg Trial started when medical doctors were found guilty doing inhumane experiments on the imprisoners of war.

A

True

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5
Q

______ a set of ethical principles and guidelines for conducting human experimentation in medical research

A

Nuremberg Code

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6
Q

The Nuremberg code consists of _____ principles that emphasize the importance of voluntary and informed consent, minimizing harm to participants, and conducting research with a sound scientific basis

A

ten

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7
Q

Which event prompted the creation of the Nuremberg Code?

A. World War I
B. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
C. Nazi medical experiments
D. The development of the polio vaccine

A

C. Nazi medical experiments

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8
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Nuremberg Code?

A. To regulate clinical trials
B. To protect the rights of research subjects
C. To establish international medical standards
D. To promote medical research without restrictions

A

B. To protect the rights of research subjects

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9
Q

Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the necessity of informed consent?

A. Principle 1
B. Principle 2
C. Principle 3
D. Principle 4

A

A. Principle 1

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10
Q

The Nuremberg Code requires that research experiments should:

A. Prioritize the sponsor’s interests
B. Minimize risks to participants
C. Exclude individuals with certain medical conditions
D. Be conducted without external oversight

A

B. Minimize risks to participants

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11
Q

According to the Nuremberg Code, the voluntary consent of human subjects is:

A. Optional if the research is deemed important
B. Not required for non-invasive studies
C. Absolutely essential
D. Only necessary for minors

A

C. Absolutely essential

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12
Q

In the context of the Nuremberg Code, what is meant by “full legal capacity”?

A. The ability to understand complex medical terminology
B. The capacity to provide informed consent without coercion or constraint
C. Being of legal drinking age
D. Holding a medical degree

A

B. The capacity to provide informed consent without coercion or constraint

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13
Q

Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the importance of avoiding experiments that could lead to death or disability?

A. Principle 6
B. Principle 7
C. Principle 8
D. Principle 9

A

A. Principle 6

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14
Q

What was the historical significance of the Nuremberg Trials in relation to the Nuremberg Code?

A. The Nuremberg Trials established the ethical principles of the Nuremberg Code.
B. The Nuremberg Trials were unrelated to the Nuremberg Code.
C. The Nuremberg Trials occurred after the Nuremberg Code was created.
D. The Nuremberg Trials were a response to violations of the Nuremberg Code.

A

D. The Nuremberg Trials were a response to violations of the Nuremberg Code.

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15
Q

The Nuremberg Code was a significant precursor to the development of which international document?

A. The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
B. The Geneva Conventions
C. The World Health Organization Charter
D. The Helsinki Declaration

A

D. The Helsinki Declaration

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16
Q

In the context of the Nuremberg Code, what is meant by “unnecessary suffering”?

A. Suffering that can be justified for the greater good
B. Suffering that is experienced by all research subjects
C. Suffering that exceeds potential benefits of the research
D. Suffering that is inherent in all medical experiments

A

C. Suffering that exceeds potential benefits of the research

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17
Q

According to the Nuremberg Code, who should be responsible for ensuring that research is conducted ethically?
A. Research subjects
B. Government authorities
C. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
D. Funding agencies

A

C. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)

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18
Q

What is the main purpose of Principle 10 of the Nuremberg Code?

A. To protect researchers from legal liability
B. To ensure equal representation of all races in experiments
C. To prevent any form of research experimentation
D. To prevent violations of the code in the name of national security

A

D. To prevent violations of the code in the name of national security

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19
Q

Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes that subjects should have the freedom to withdraw from the experiment at any time?

A. Principle 1
B. Principle 2
C. Principle 5
D. Principle 9

A

D. Principle 9

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20
Q

According to the Nuremberg Code, what should be the focus when selecting research subjects?

A. Vulnerable populations
B. Volunteers from the general population
C. Individuals with a history of participation in research
D. Prison inmates

A

B. Volunteers from the general population

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21
Q

The Nuremberg Code was established in what year?

A

1947

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22
Q

Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the importance of conducting research based on a solid scientific foundation?

A. Principle 7
B. Principle 8
C. Principle 9
D. Principle 10

A

B. Principle 8

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23
Q

The Nuremberg Code requires that experiments be conducted by:

A. Any qualified researcher
B. Medical doctors only
C. Trained professionals with proper qualifications
D. Research institutions exclusively

A

C. Trained professionals with proper qualifications

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24
Q

Which principle of the Nuremberg Code prohibits experiments that can be avoided for non-human studies?

A. Principle 4
B. Principle 5
C. Principle 6
D. Principle 8

A

A. Principle 4

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25
Q

In the context of the Nuremberg Code, “Experimentation should be such as to yield fruitful results for the good of society” relates to which principle?
A. Principle 4
B. Principle 5
C. Principle 6
D. Principle 7

A

C. Principle 6

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26
Q

Which principle of the Nuremberg Code addresses the importance of avoiding unnecessary suffering and injury to subjects?
A. Principle 5
B. Principle 6
C. Principle 7
D. Principle 8

A

A. Principle 5

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27
Q

Determine the principles of the Nuremberg Code.

  1. Review of Related Literature (RRL)
  2. Social value of research
  3. Should not frighten participants

A. Voluntary Consent
B. Fruitful Results For The Society
C. Based On Previous Knowledge
D. Avoid physical and mental suffering
E. Will not cause death or disability

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. A
28
Q

Determine the principles of the Nuremberg Code.

  1. Asked in the research methodology
  2. Checked by the ethics committee
  3. Done when there is more harm than good

A. Probable cause to terminate study
B. Fruitful Results For The Society
C. Based On Previous Knowledge
D. Adequate preparations and facilities
E. Scientifically qualified persons

A
  1. D
  2. E
  3. A
29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Research participants should not suffer physically,
mentally, and psychologically

A

True

30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: There must be no coercion of research participants during a study.

A

True

31
Q

(1)______ is the action by the research participant, while (2)_______ is the action by the researcher when terminating a research

A

1.Withdrawal
2. termination

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: All research will produce a certain harm to its participant

A

True

33
Q

_____ is a set of ethical principles and guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects

A

Declaration of Helsinki

34
Q

In which location was used to discuss
ethical principles on experiments with human subjects?

A

Helsinki, Finland

35
Q

Vulnerable Groups and Individuals are those who are unable to protect their own (1)_____ and (2)_____

A
  1. rights
  2. safety
36
Q

What is the primary purpose of the Declaration of Helsinki?

A) To regulate medical licensing
B) To promote medical tourism
C) To establish guidelines for medical research ethics
D) To set international medical standards

A

C) To establish guidelines for medical research ethics

37
Q

The Declaration of Helsinki is issued by which international medical organization?

A) United Nations
B) World Health Organization (WHO)
C) World Medical Association (WMA)
D) International Red Cross

A

C) World Medical Association (WMA)

38
Q

According to the Declaration of Helsinki, which principle emphasizes the importance of obtaining informed and voluntary consent from research subjects?

A) Principle of Beneficence
B) Principle of Autonomy
C) Principle of Non-Maleficence
D) Principle of Justice

A

B) Principle of Autonomy

39
Q

Which principle of the Declaration of Helsinki emphasizes the need for researchers to report research results, both positive and negative?

A) Principle of Transparency
B) Principle of Confidentiality
C) Principle of Non-Maleficence
D) Principle of Justice

A

A) Principle of Transparency

40
Q

The Declaration of Helsinki addresses the use of placebos in research. What is the key ethical consideration related to placebos?

A) Placebos should never be used in research.
B) Placebos should always be used to test new treatments.
C) Placebo use should be justified, and participants should not be exposed to unnecessary harm.
D) Placebos should only be used in research involving animals.

A

C) Placebo use should be justified, and participants should not be exposed to unnecessary harm.

41
Q

What was the primary objective of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male?

A) To find a cure for syphilis
B) To study the effects of syphilis on the African American population
C) To provide medical treatment to syphilis patients
D) To prevent the spread of syphilis in the United States

A

B) To study the effects of syphilis on the African American population

42
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The participants in the Tuskegee study were aware of their participation

A

False

43
Q

What is the gold standard treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicilin

44
Q

When did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study begin?

A) 1929
B) 1932
C) 1945
D) 1960

A

B) 1932

45
Q

What was the major ethical violation in the Tuskegee Study?

A) Inadequate sample size
B) Lack of informed consent
C) Misappropriation of research funds
D) Failure to publish study results

A

B) Lack of informed consent

46
Q

Which group of individuals were the subjects of the Tuskegee Study?

A) White males with syphilis
B) African American males with syphilis
C) African American females with syphilis
D) A diverse group of syphilis patients

A

B) African American males with syphilis

47
Q

Which key milestone in research ethics emerged as a result of the Tuskegee Study?

A) The Belmont Report
B) The Nuremberg Code
C) The Declaration of Helsinki
D) The Common Rule

A

A) The Belmont Report

48
Q

What is the long-term impact of the Tuskegee Study on research ethics and human subjects protection?

A) It led to stricter government regulations for medical research.
B) It had no significant impact on research ethics.
C) It increased the use of placebos in clinical trials.
D) It promoted greater transparency in research.

A

A) It led to stricter government regulations for medical research.

49
Q

Who played a pivotal role in bringing the unethical nature of the Tuskegee Study to public attention?

A) President Franklin D. Roosevelt
B) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
C) Journalist Jean Heller
D) Senator John F. Kennedy

A

C) Journalist Jean Heller

50
Q

Enumerate the Basic Ethical Principles or Core Principles in Research

A
  1. Respect for Persons
  2. Beneficence
  3. Justice
51
Q

This is known as self-governance of self determination.

A

Autonomy

It means to have the capacity to decide for yourself

52
Q

_____ is going good/beneficial things to others

A

Beneficence

53
Q

____ means not providing/doing harm

A

Non-maleficence

54
Q

Determine the Basic Ethical Principles

Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents

A. Justice
B. Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
C. Respect for Persons

A

C. Respect for Persons

55
Q

Determine the Basic Ethical Principles

Maximize possible benefits, minimize possible harm

A. Justice
B. Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
C. Respect for Persons

A

B. Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

56
Q

Determine the Basic Ethical Principles

What good do we provide them, and what bad do we not
give them when they participate to our research

A. Justice
B. Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
C. Respect for Persons

A

B. Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

57
Q

Determine the Basic Ethical Principles

Fairness in distribution; what is deserved

A. Justice
B. Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
C. Respect for Persons

A

A. Justice

58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

A

True

59
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When the research is done and you have seen that the result is beneficial, it is just fair to share the results to the research participants

A

True

60
Q

______ is the performance of research to the highest standards of professionalism and rigor in an ethically robust manner

A

Research Integrity

61
Q

Convey information truthfully and honor commitments

A. Honesty
B. Accuracy
C. Efficiency
D. Objectivity
E. Transparency and Open Communication

A

A. Honesty

62
Q

Let the facts speak for themselves; avoid improper bias towards the research

A. Honesty
B. Accuracy
C. Efficiency
D. Objectivity
E. Transparency and Open Communication

A

D. Objectivity

63
Q

Use resources wisely and avoid waste

A. Honesty
B. Accuracy
C. Efficiency
D. Objectivity
E. Transparency and Open Communication

A

C. Efficiency

64
Q

Report findings precisely; take care to avoid error

A. Honesty
B. Accuracy
C. Efficiency
D. Objectivity
E. Transparency and Open Communication

A

B. Accuracy

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Researchers rely on trustworthy results of other
researchers to make scientific progress

A

True

66
Q
A

(3) Physical Therapy Ethics (4 decks)

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