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[AMS] Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy > S2) Osteology and Radiology of the Skull and Cervical Spine > Flashcards

S2) Osteology and Radiology of the Skull and Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the following structures on an X-Ray of the cervical vertebrae:

  • C1-C7 vertebrae
  • Vertebral body
  • Spinous processes
  • Facet joints
  • Lamina
  • Pedicle
A
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2
Q

Identify the types of osteological features of skull bones

A
  • Fossae: shallow depressions
  • Canal: bony tunnel
  • Foramina: round holes
  • Fissures: narrow slits
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3
Q

The bones of the skull can be broadly divided into two groups.

Identify them

A
  • Neurocranium (8 bones)
  • Viscerocranium (14 bones)
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4
Q

Describe the function and components of the neurocranium

A
  • Function: encase and protect the brain
  • Components:

I. Calvaria

II. Cranial floor

III. Cranial cavity

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5
Q

Describe the development of the neurocranium

A
  • Calvaria begin as membranes i.e. intramembranous ossification
  • Cranial floor begin as cartilage i.e. endochondral ossification
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6
Q

Describe the function and components of the viscerocranium

A
  • Contents: facial skeleton and the jaw
  • Function: surrounds oral cavity, pharynx and upper respiratory passages
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7
Q

Describe the development of the viscerocranium

A
  • Bones begin as membranes or cartilage and ossify
  • Most structures develop from the pharyngeal arches (1&2)
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8
Q

Why are there foramina, fissures and canals in the neurocranium?

A
  • To allow the neurocranium to communicate with other structures of the head and neck
  • To allow passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves
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9
Q

Three ‘bowl‐shaped’ depressions form the cranial floor.

Identify them and describe their osteological features

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae – each fossae has series of foramina, fissures and/or canals

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10
Q

What is the significance of the trilaminar arrangement of the bones of cavaria?

A

Confers protective strength without adding significant weight

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11
Q

What are sutures?

A

Sutures are fibrous joints which are found at intersections between bones

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12
Q

Identify the names of the most important sutures

A
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13
Q

Describe the features of the bones forming a suture joint

A

Edges of bones forming suture joint are ‘serrated’ to prevent slippage and movement

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14
Q

Describe the development of suture joints

A
  • Growth at sutures stops around puberty
  • Then are gradually obliterated from inside → outside
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15
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Fontanelles are large areas of unossified membranous gaps between flat bones of calvaria

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16
Q

What is the function of fontanelles?

A
  • Allow for alteration of the skull size and shape during childbirth
  • Permit growth of infant brain
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17
Q

When do the fontanelles fuse?

A

Fontanelles fuse in early infancy:

  • Anterior: ~18 months ‐ 2 years
  • Posterior: ~1 ‐ 3 months
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18
Q

What is the early fusion of fontanelles called?

A

Craniosyntosis is the early fusion of fontanelles and sutures

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19
Q

Why is the anterior fontanelle clinically useful when examining babies?

A

Inspection and gentle palpation of anterior fontanelle can be used to assess intracranial pressure and state of hydration

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20
Q

What is required to fracture a skull?

Why are the incidence in skull fractures varied?

A
  • Significant trauma and force required to fracture skull
  • Thickness of cranial bones varies, resistance to fracture therefore varies
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21
Q

What is the main concern with regards to skull fractures?

A

Skull fractures are associated with higher incidence of intracranial pathology (injury to brain, blood vessels, cranial nerves) and neurological deficits

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22
Q

Can one still have an intracranial injury without a skull fracture?

How do we confirm this?

A

Yes, CT scanning should be performed in all patients with known or suspected skull fractures to identify any intracranial injuries

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23
Q

Identify and describe the two main fracture types

A
  • Linear fractures: fracture passes full thickness of skull, fairly straight, involve no bone displacement
  • Depressed fractures: fragment is displaced inwards towards the brain
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24
Q

What are fractures involving the cranial base called?

A

Basilar skull fractures

25
Q

What are basilar skull fractures associated with?

A

Basilar fractures are associated with cranial nerve injuries

26
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The pterion is the thinnest area of the skull (part of the temporal bone)

27
Q

Why are injuries to the side of the head associated with intracranial haemorrhages?

A
  • Pterion is associated with middle meningeal artery
  • Blows to side of head can fracture bone in area of pterion and injure blood vessel lying immediately below
28
Q

Identify 3 other bones which are commonly fractured/injured

A
  • Nasal bones
  • Zygomatic bone and arch
  • Mandible
29
Q

Identify 5 distinct clinical features associated with basilar skull fractures

A
  • Raccoon eyes – bruising around both eyes (periorbital ecchymoses)
  • Battle’s sign – bruising over the mastoid process
  • Haemotympanum – blood behind eardrum
  • CSF rhinorrhea – cerebrospinal fluid leaking from nose
  • CSF otorrhea – cerebrospinal fluid leaking from ear
30
Q

Identify the frontal bone

A
31
Q

Identify the parietal bone

A
32
Q

Identify the occipital bone

A
33
Q

Identify the sphenoid bone

A
34
Q

Identify the temporal bone

A
35
Q

Identify the maxilla bone

A
36
Q

Identify the mandible bone

A
37
Q

Identify the zygoma bone

A
38
Q

Identify the nasal bones

A
39
Q

Identify the ethmoid bone

A
40
Q

Identify the lacrimal bone

A
41
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Ethmoid bone
  • Infraorbital ridge
  • Infraorbital foramen
  • Middle nasal concha
  • Inferior nasal concha
A
42
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Supraorbital ridge
  • Lacrimal fossa
  • Nasal bone
  • Supraorbital foramen
  • Orbital plate
A
43
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Perpendicular plate
  • Zygoma
  • Vomer
A
44
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Maxilla
  • Alveolar process
  • Mandible
  • Mental foramen
  • Mental protuberance
A
45
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Condyloid process
  • Ramus
  • Zygomatic process of temporal bone
A
46
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Styloid process
  • Mastoid process
  • Petrous part
  • Squamous part
  • Superior nuchal line
A
47
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • External auditory meatus
  • Head of mandible
  • Body of sphenoid
  • Articular fossa for mandible
  • Lacrimal bone
A
48
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Frontal process of maxilla
  • Zygomatic arch
  • Zygomatic process of maxilla
  • Coronoid process
A
49
Q

Identify the following sutures on the skull below:

  • Bregma
  • Lambda
  • Coronal suture
A
50
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Sagittal suture
  • Superior temporal line
  • External occipital protuberance
A
51
Q

Identify the mandibular foramen on the skull bone below

A
52
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Crista galli
  • Cribiform plate
  • Anterior clinoid process
  • Posterior clinoid process
  • Foramen lacerum
A
53
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Cribiform foramina
  • Optic canal
  • Hypophyseal fossa
  • Lesser wing of sphenoid
  • Greater wing of sphenoid
A
54
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Foramen rotundum
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Petrous part
A
55
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Superior nuchal line
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Articular condyles for atlas (C1)
  • Foramen ovale
  • Temporal fossa
A
56
Q

Identify the following osteological landmarks on the skull below:

  • Lateral pterygoid plate
  • Medial pterygoid plate
  • Palatine process
  • Base of sphenoid bone
  • Clivus
A
57
Q

Label structures A, B, C and D in the image below

A
  • A – Foramen rotundum
  • B – Foramen ovale
  • C – Internal acoustic meatus
  • D – Jugular foramen
58
Q

Label structures E, F and G in the image below

A
  • E – Foramen lacerum
  • F – Foramen spinosum
  • G – Carotid canal

[AMS] Head, Neck & Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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