S12 Flashcards
What are the common child cancers?
CNS
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
What are the most common forms of cancer?
Breast
Prostate
Lung
Bowel
What staging is used in general cancers?
TNM
Tumour
Node
Metastasis
What are the criteria for TNM bowel and prostate?
T1-T4 - increasing size
N0-N3 - nodes
M0-M1 - metastasis
What is the T criteria for breast cancer?
TIS - in situ
T1 - 5cm
T4 - through chest wall
And the n and m?
Same as others
What staging is used for colorectal cancer?
A - not through bowel wall
B - through bowel wall
C1 - nodes regional affected
C2 - nodes further away affected
What is likely to happen if there are ulcers and polyp/polyps in colon?
Colon adenocarcinoma
What classification system is used to Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Ann Arbor system
What does Ann Arbor system classify?
Lymph nodes
What is the classification?
I - one lymph node
II - two or more on one side of diaphragm
III - two or more on both sides of diaphragm
IV - multiple foci
What cells are present with Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Reed steelberg which release eosinophils
What are the b symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Night sweats
Fever
Weight loss
What is grading?
How well or not well differentiated a tissue is
What is the grading?
Gx - not able to assess G1 - well differentiated G2 - moderately differentiated G3 - poorly differentiated G4 - undifferentiated
What grading system for the breast carcinoma used?
Scarf bloom Richardson
How is it graded?
- tubule (more is good)
- nuclear variation
- number of mitosis
What is the survival rates (10 years) for breast carcinomas?
Grade I - 85%
Grade II - 60%
Grade III - 15%
What grading system is used for prostate cancer?
Gleason grading system
What do you also look for in prostate adenocarcinoma?
PSA
How can cancer be treated?
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Hormone therapy
What is adjuvent treatment?
Used after surgical removal to prevent subclinical manifestations
What is neoadjuvant treatment?
Shrinkage of tumour before its removed
How does radiation work?
Kills the cells proliferating
Triggering apoptosis
However minimal doses because it can damage new tissue and cause free radicals.
Give an example of a high sensitivity, fairly high, moderate and low sensitivity cancer radiation response.
High - leukaemia
Fairly high - squamous carcinoma
Moderate - GI
Low - sarcoma
Name some chemotherapy drugs
Methotrexate
Antibiotics eg topo isomerase
Alkylaying agents eg cisplatin
Anti metabolites eg fluorouracil
