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*Infection Jeny > S1) Infection Overview > Flashcards

S1) Infection Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

An infection is the invasion of a host’s tissues by micro organisms

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2
Q

How do people get infections?

Explain by means of a diagram

A
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3
Q

Identify 3 mechanisms that manifest as disease

A
  • Microbial multiplication
  • Toxins
  • Host response
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4
Q

Identify and describe the modes of horizontal transmission

A
  • Contact: direct, indirect, vectors
  • Inhalation: droplets, aerosols
  • Ingestion: faecal-oral route
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5
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Vertical transmission is transmission from mother to child, before or at birth

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6
Q

Describe how microbiota can cause infection

A
  • Microbiota are micro-organisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces
  • Normally harmless / even beneficial unless transferred to other sites
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7
Q

Identify and provide an example for the different mediums for getting infections

A
  • Physical contact e.g. STI
  • Airborne spread e.g. Chickenpox
  • Animal vector e.g. mosquito for malaria
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8
Q

Describe how one can get an infection from one’s environment

A
  • Ingestion of contaminated food or water
  • Inhalation of contaminated air
  • Contact with contaminated surfaces
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9
Q

State the first 5 steps that lead to disease caused by micro-organisms

A
  • Exposure
  • Adherence
  • Invasion
  • Multiplication
  • Disemmination
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10
Q

Virulence factors are involved in the second step that leads to disease caused by micro-organisms.

Identify some examples

A

Virulence factors:

  • Exotoxins – cytotoxic, AB toxins, superantigens, enzymes
  • Endotoxins
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11
Q

What is the last step that leads to disease caused by micro-organisms?

A

Direct host cellular damage

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12
Q

Identify the disease determinants for pathogens

A

Pathogen:

  • Virulence factors
  • Inoculum size
  • Antimicrobial resistance
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13
Q

Identify the disease determinants for patients

A

Patient:

  • Site of infection
  • Co-morbidities
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14
Q

What 4 overlying questions should one ask when treating a patient with a potential infection?

A
  • Is there an infection?
  • Where is the infection?
  • What is the cause of the infection?
  • What is the best treatment?
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15
Q

What history should one take when treating a patient with a potential infection?

A
  • Symptoms

I. Local / systemic

II. Severity

III. Duration

  • Potential exposures
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16
Q

What examination should one perform when treating a patient with a potential infection?

A

Examine organ dysfunction

17
Q

Which two investigations should one perform when dealing with a patient with a potential infection?

A
  • Specific investigations
  • Supportive investigations
18
Q

Provide 5 examples of supportive investigations

A
  • Full blood count
  • C reactive protein
  • Liver and kidney function tests
  • Imaging: X-ray, ultrasound, MRI
  • Histopathology
19
Q

Which specimen types are used in bacteriology?

A
  • Swabs
  • Fluids
  • Tissues
20
Q

Identify the 5 steps involved in bacteriology

A
  • Microscopy
  • Culture (patient and bacteria cells)
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility
  • Antigen detection
  • Nucleic acid detection
21
Q

Outline the three steps involved in virology

A
  • Antigen detection (the virus)
  • Antibody detection (the patient’s response)
  • Detecting viral nuclei acid (DNA or RNA)
22
Q

Identify 4 key considerations regarding infection

A
  • New pathogens
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Healthcare infections
  • Re-labelling of established diseases as infections
23
Q

All clinicians encounter patients with infections.

However, identify the specialities whose primary interest is infection management

A
  • Infectious diseases
  • Medical microbiology and virology
  • Genitourinary medicine
  • Health protection
24
Q

Which measurements are included in a full blood count?

A
  • WBC count
  • WBC differential
  • RBC count
  • Haemoglobin
  • Haematocrit
  • Mean corpuscular volume
25
Q

What is the white blood cell count?

A

WBC count is a measurement of the actual number of white blood cells per volume of blood

26
Q

What is a white blood cell differential?

A

White blood cell differential looks at the types of white blood cells present:

  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
27
Q

What is the red blood cell count?

A

RBC count: is a count of the actual number of red blood cells per volume of blood

28
Q

What is the haemoglobin measurement?

A

Haemoglobin measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood

29
Q

What is the haematocrit measurement?

A

Haematocrit measures the amount of space red blood cells take up in the blood (reported as a percentage / a proportion)

30
Q

What is mean corpuscular volume?

A

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs

31
Q

Identify the circumstances where one can expect increases/decreases in WBC

A
  • Increases: infections, inflammation, leukaemia, cancer
  • Decreases: splenomegaly, bone marrow failure, liver disease, some autoimmune conditions
32
Q

Identify the circumstances where one can expect increases/decreases in lymphocyte%

A
  • Increases in conditions like chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
  • Increases/decreases by viral infections
33
Q

Identify the circumstances where one can expect increases/decreases in neutrophil%

A

Varies daily:

  • Increased in bacterial infections (support diagnosis)
  • Decreased in certain infections

*Infection Jeny (17 decks)

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