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[AMS] Cardiovascular System > S1) CVS Anatomy > Flashcards

S1) CVS Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

State the structure and function of the pericardium

A
  • Structure: a fibroserous sac
  • Function: encloses the heart and roots of the great vessels
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2
Q

Identify the 2 layers of the pericardium

A
  • Outer fibrous layer
  • Inner serosal layer
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3
Q

Identify and describe the 2 components of the inner serosal layer in ther pericardium

A
  • Visceral pericardium adheres to the external wall of the heart
  • Parietal pericardium lines the outer fibrous layer and formed when the visceral pericardium reflects back on itself
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4
Q

What is the pericardial cavity and what does it do?

A
  • The pericardial cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal layers in the pericardium
  • It consists of pericardial fluid which reduces friction
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5
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the pericardium

A

The pericardium is attached to the sternum and mediastinal portions of the right and left pleura

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6
Q

Identify the blood vessels which emanate from the pericardium superiorly and inferiorly

A
  • Superiorly: aorta, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava
  • Inferiorly: inferior vena cava
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7
Q

Describe the structures forming the different surfaces of the heart:

  • Apex
  • Base/Posterior surface
  • Anterior surface
  • Inferior surface
A
  • Apex - formed by the tip of the left ventricle
  • Posterior surface - formed by the atria (mainly the left)
  • Anterior surface - formed by the right atrium and ventricle
  • Inferior surface - formed by both ventricles (mainly the left)
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8
Q

What is another name for the inferior surface of the heart?

A

Diaphragmatic surface - lies along the diaphragm

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9
Q

Identify 2 functions of the heart valves

A
  • Direct blood flow in a forward direction
  • Prevent backward leakage
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10
Q

Identify the four major valves in the normal heart

A
  • Atrioventricular valves:

I. Tricuspid valve

II. Mitral valve

- Semilunar valves:

I. Aortic valve

II. Pulmonary valve

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11
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The endocardium is the single layer of endothelial cells that lines the surface of the heart valves and interior surface of the chambers

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12
Q

Identify 5 components of subendocardial tissue

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Elastic and collagenous fibres
  • Veins
  • Nerves
  • Branches of the conducting system
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13
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart and consists of bundles of cardiac muscle cells

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14
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart and is identical to, and just another term for, the visceral pericardium

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15
Q

What is external to the myocardium?

A

External to the myocardium is a layer of connective tissue and adipose tissue through which pass the larger blood vessels and nerves that supply the heart muscle

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16
Q

Identify the 3 vascular structures which open into the right atrium

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior venae cava
  • Coronary sinus
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17
Q

Describe the purpose of the vascular structures which open up into the right atrium

A
  • Venae cavae return deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins
  • Coronary sinus return deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins
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18
Q

What is found on the floor of the right atrium?

A

Tricuspid valve – opens into the right ventricle

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19
Q

How does the right ventricle get its sponge-like appearance?

A

The right ventricle is covered by a number of irregular bridges (trabeculae carneae)

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20
Q

How does the right ventricle help to prevent the tricuspid valve opening during systole?

A
  • The right ventricle contains three papillary muscles, which project into the chamber via their heart tendons (chordae tendineae)
  • They attach to the edges of the tricuspid valve leaflets & contract to prevent the back-flow of blood
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21
Q

What is found at the apex of the right ventricular outflow tract?

A

Pulmonary valve – leads to the pulmonary artery

22
Q

Which vascular structures open into the left atrium?

A

Four pulmonary veins

23
Q

What is found in the inferior wall of the left atrium?

A

Mitral valve – opens into the left ventricle

24
Q

How can the walls of the left and right atriums be distinguished?

A

Left atrium wall is thicker than that of the right atrium

25
Q

How can the structure of the left and right ventricles be distinguished?

A

- Left ventricle cavity is cone shaped and longer

  • Wall thickness is 9 to 11 mm (3x right ventricle)
  • Trabeculae carneae are finer and more numerous
  • Larger papillary muscles (only 2)

- Chordae tendineae are thicker and less numerous

26
Q

Describe the opening into the aorta from the left ventricle

A
  • Surrounding the aortic valve opening is a fibrous ring to which is attached the three cusps of the valve
  • Above the right and left aortic valve cusps in the aortic wall are the origins of the right and left coronary arteries
27
Q

What is the aortic vestibule?

A

Aortic vestibule is a smooth-walled part of the left ventricular cavity located just inferior to the aortic valve

28
Q

Describe location and function of the cardiac veins

A
  • Function: return blood from the myocardial capillaries to the right atrium predominantly via the coronary sinus
  • Location: lie in the epicardial fat, usually superficial to their arterial counterparts
29
Q

Describe the anatomical course of the left coronary artery

A
  • The left coronary artery passes between the left atrium and the pulmonary trunk to reach the AV groove
  • There, it divides into the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the circumflex artery
30
Q

Describe the anatomical course of the left anterior descending artery

A

LAD travels within the anterior interventricular groove toward the cardiac apex:

  • It gives off septal branches that supply the anterior 2/3 of the IV septum
  • It gives off diagonal branches that supply the anterior surface of the left ventricle
31
Q

Describe the anatomical course of the circumflex artery

A
  • Continues within the left AV groove and passes around the left border of the heart to reach the posterior surface
  • Gives off large obtuse marginal branches that supply the lateral and posterior wall of the left ventricle
32
Q

Describe the anatomical course and function of the right coronary artery

A
  • Course: travels in the right AV groove, passing posteriorly between the right atrium and ventricle
  • Function: supplies blood to the right ventricle via acute marginal branches
33
Q

In most people (85%), the distal RCA gives rise to a large branch, the posterior descending artery.

Describe the anatomical course of this artery

A
  • Travels from the inferoposterior aspect of the heart to the apex
  • It supplies blood to the inferior and posterior walls of the ventricles and the posterior 1/3 of the IV septum
34
Q

Where does the AV nodal artery arise from?

A

Just before giving off the posterior descending branch, the RCA usually gives off the AV nodal artery

35
Q

Blood supply to the SAN is through the SA Nodal artery.

Describe the variation in its origins.

A
  • In 70% of normal hearts, blood supply is derived from the RCA
  • In 25% of normal hearts blood supply is derived from the circumflex artery
  • In 5% of normal hearts, blood supply is derived from the RCA and circumflex artery
36
Q

The heart lies in the middle mediastinum.

What is the mediastinum?

A

The mediastinum is the intervening region in the thoracic cavity between the right and left pleural cavities which are occupied by the lungs

37
Q

Identify the structures visible from the anterior surface of the heart

A
38
Q

Identify the structures visible from the posterior surface of the heart

A
39
Q

What are the oblique and transverse pericardial sinuses?

A
  • The transverse sinus is a passage between the aorta and pulmonary artery posteriorly and the superior vena cava anteriorly
  • The oblique sinus is the pericardial cul-de-sac behind the heart which opens into the pericardial space
40
Q

Identify and name the major arteries comprising the vascular system in the head and neck region

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Common Carotid artery
  • Internal Carotid artery
  • External Carotid artery
  • Superficial Temporal artery
  • Facial artery
  • Maxillary artery
41
Q

Identify and name the major arteries comprising the vascular system in the thorax

A

Thoracic (Descending) Aorta & its intercostal branches

42
Q

Identify and name the major arteries comprising the vascular system in the abdomen

A
  • Abdominal Aorta & its paired branches
  • Celiac artery
  • Superior Mesenteric artery
  • Inferior Mesenteric artery
  • Suprarenal arteries
  • Renal arteries
  • Ovarian/Testicular arteries & its unpaired branches
43
Q

Identify and name the major arteries comprising the vascular system in the pelvis

A
  • Common Iliac artery
  • External Iliac artery
  • Internal Iliac artery
44
Q

Identify and name the major arteries comprising the vascular system in the upper limb

A
  • Subclavian artery
  • Axillary artery
  • Brachial artery
  • Radial artery
  • Ulnar artery
45
Q

Identify and name the major arteries comprising the vascular system in the lower limb

A
  • Femoral artery
  • Popliteal artery
  • Anterior and Posterior Tibial arteries
46
Q

Identify and name the major veins in the vascular system in the head and neck region

A
  • External jugular vein
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Right and left brachiocephalic vein
47
Q

Identify and name the major veins in the vascular system in the thorax

A

Superior vena cava

48
Q

Identify and name the major veins in the vascular system in the abdomen

A
  • Inferior Vena cava
  • Right and left renal veins
  • Left and right testicular vein
49
Q

Identify and name the major veins in the vascular system in the pelvis

A
  • Common Iliac vein
  • External Iliac vein
  • Internal Iliac vein
50
Q

Identify and name the major veins in the vascular system in the upper limb

A
  • Subclavian vein
  • Cephalic vein
  • Basilic vein
  • Median cubital vein
51
Q

Identify and name the major veins in the vascular system in the lower limb

A
  • Femoral vein
  • Long Saphenous vein
  • Short Saphenous vein
  • Popliteal veins

[AMS] Cardiovascular System (17 decks)

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