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A level - Biology Paper 1 > S1 C1: biological molecules > Flashcards

S1 C1: biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Long chains of amino acids

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2
Q

How many amino acids are used in proteins?

A

20

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3
Q

What elements make up amino acids?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and some sulfur

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4
Q

How many different chemical groups are there?

A

20

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5
Q

How are chains of amino acids held together?

A

Covalent bonds

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6
Q

Is there a specific sequence that amino acids must be arranged in?

A

No, they can be arranged in any sequence

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7
Q

How long can proteins be?

A

Several hundred amino acid chains long

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8
Q

How is the structure of a protein determined?

A

By the order of the amino acids

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9
Q

What does the structure of a protein determine?

A

How the protein works

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10
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

The order of the amino acids in a protein

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11
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

When chains of amino acids fold up into pleats or coils

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12
Q

How are pleats/coils of amino acids held together?

A

By weak hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What is a globular protein?

A

A protein with a roughly spherical shape

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14
Q

What are examples of globular proteins?

A

Enzymes

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15
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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16
Q

Name some types of carbohydrates

A

Sugars, starch and cellulose

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17
Q

What two groups are sugars divided into?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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18
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The single units from which carbohydrates are made

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19
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose and fructose

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20
Q

What are sugars?

A

Small, water soluble molecules that taste sweet

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21
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

When two monosaccharides are joined in a condensation reaction

22
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction where water is given off

23
Q

Polysaccharides are not polymers: true or false?

A

False - they’re made up of monomers which are monosaccharides

24
Q

What are starch molecules made up of?

A

Two different polysaccharides - amylose and amylopectin (polymers of glucose)

25
Q

Why are starch molecules ideal ways of storing glucose?

A

Because starch molecules are insoluble and compact§

26
Q

Where is starch found?

A

Only in plant cells

27
Q

How are cellulose and starch different, despite both being polymers of glucose?

A

Different bonding so cellulose molecules are long and straight

28
Q

What are microfibrils?

A

When several cellulose molecules can lie side by side and are held together by many hydrogen bonds

29
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Only in plant cells

30
Q

What do microfibrils do?

A

Strengthen the plant cell wall

31
Q

What are lipids?

A

Oils and fats

32
Q

What are plant oils and animal fats mostly made up of?

A

A group of lipids called triglycerides

33
Q

What does a triglyceride molecule mainly consist of?

A

A molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached to it

34
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A long chain of carbon atoms with an acid group at one end with hydrogen atoms attached to the carbons

35
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

When every carbon atom is joined by a single bond

36
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

When one of more of the carbons are joined together by a double bond

37
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with many double bonds

38
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A type of lipid with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group

39
Q

What are cell membranes made from?

A

A double layer of phospholipids

40
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of biochemical reactions that take place every second in the body

41
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A single chain of biochemical reactions

42
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

The input energy needed to get a reaction going

43
Q

Give an example of how enzymes are used

A

To break down or build molecules

44
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substance that’s acted upon by an enzyme

45
Q

What is the active site?

A

The site on the surface of an enzyme where a substrate molecule can attach itself and where the reaction takes place

46
Q

What does complementary mean?

A

They fit into each other

47
Q

Why do enzymes only catalyse one specific reaction?

A

Because the substrate molecule must be the correct shape to fit into the active site so only one substrate would be the correct shape

48
Q

Why does the rate of reaction increase with a temp increase?

A

Because the molecules have more energy

49
Q

Why do enzymes denature when the temperature is too high?

A

Because the enzyme molecule vibrates more rapidly and breaks the weak bonds that hold the tertiary structure together so the active site shape changes so the substrate can longer fit in there

50
Q

How can acids and alkalis denature enzymes?

A

H+ ions and OH- ions disrupt the weak bonds and change the shape of the active site

A level - Biology Paper 1 (11 decks)

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