S1 A&p Flashcards
What is the order of the level of organisation
Chemicals, Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ System
Define a Tissue and the types:
A composition of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Neural
What is Homeostasis
Is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
What are the two bodily cavities and what do they contain
Dorsal - Brain and Spinal Cord
Ventral - 2 sub cavities (thoracic - heart and lungs, Abdominopelvic - most major organs
Define Negative and Positive Feedback
Negative - oppose variations from normal
Positive - Exaggerate the variation
3, Functions of the nervous system
Monitors internal and External environments
Integrates sensory information
Coordinates voluntary information and involuntary responses.
What do the CNS and PNS do and contain
CNS - Brain and spinal Cord. Integrates and coordinates the processing of sensory data
PNS - Includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS and delivers sensory info to the CNS. It carriers out motor commands.
Name the 4 types of neurons and different features
Anaxonic - very small and have no anatomical features to differentiate axon from dendrite (circular).
Bipolar - cell body lies in between axon and dendrite
Unipolar - cell body is offset
Multipolar - Have two or more dendrites and a single axon
What brings sensory information to the spinal Cord
Dorsal root ganglia containing the cell body of sensory neurons.
Function of the spinal Cord
To send motor commands from the brain to the body, and to send sensory commands from the body to the brain
What is in grey and white matter in the spinal Cord
Grey - Cell bodies and neuroglia cells
White - Myelinated and Unmyelinated axons
What are the 6 major regions of the brain (4 of which make the brain stem)
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephlaon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Function of the Cerebrum, and the 4 lobes within
Responsible for conscious thought, intellectual function, regulation of skeletal muscle contraction, movement’
Temporal, Frontal, Parietal, Occipital
Cerebellum Functions
Coordinates somatic motor patterns involving posture and balance, vision, movement, cognitive function
What does the Diencephalon contain and whats their functions
Thalamus - Relay and processing centre for sensory information
Hypothalamus - Emotion control, autonomic function and hormone production
Midbrain function
Processing of visual and auditory data
Medulla Oblongata function
Relays sensory information to the thalamus and other parts of the brain stem. Also regulates visceral function
What are the 3 brain protective mechanisms
Bones of the cranium,
Cranial Meninges,
Cerebrospinal Fluid
What are cranial meninges
Membranous coverings that provide a support framework to the skull
What are the 3 layers of the cranial meninges
(Different matters)
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia matter
Name the 12 cranial Nerves
O,O,V,O,T,A,A,H,T,F,G,V
Olfactory
Optic
Vestibulocochlear
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Abducens
Accessory
Hypoglossal
Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
What is a membrane potential and a potential difference
Membrane potential - IS the difference in electrical potential between inside and out of a cell
Potential difference - an uneven distribution of charges
What is depolarisation of the membrane
When the membrane is changes to a less negative value
how is a local (action) potential created
Membrane is depolarised past a threshold value which triggers the activation of Na channels which leads to accelerated depolarisation.