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Rwandan Genocide Flashcards

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1
Q

What 2 well known nationalism occurred in Africa

A
  1. AFRIKANER NATIONALISM lead to APARTHEID - Afrikaans group of people want to govern themselves free from the British (no longer wanted to be a British colony). Thought they were better (Ito ethnicity and culture) than the Africans
  2. HUTU NATIONALISM - desired independence and wanted to self govern free from interference from the Belgium or Germany (thought they were better than the Tutsi in terms ethnicity and culture) lead to GENOCIDE against the TUTSI in RWANDA
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2
Q

Define Nationalism

A

the DESIRE for INDEPENDENCE
- the DESIRE of a GROUP of PEOPLE to GOVERN THEMSELVES
- WITHOUT INTERFERENCE from OTHER PEOPLE/NATIONS

  • the IDEA that YOUR NATION (shared by ethnicity or set of values)
  • is BETTER than ALL other NATIONS
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3
Q

Role of RADIO in Genocide

A

FAR MORE ACCESSIBLE than print media - EVERY PERSON AND HOME HAD ONE (a lot of people were ILLITERATE)

LETHAL on COMMENTARY OF TUTSIS

ANTI-TUTSI PROPOGANDA

Called Tutsi COCKROACHES and DEVILS and were told that Tutsis WOULD DESTROY RWANDA AND KILL THE HUTUS

USA had the TECHNICAL ABILILTIES TO JAM RADIOS but REFUSED TO GET INVOLVED
1. Too Expensive
2. Didn’t want to go against People’s right to Speak
3. SOMALIA Syndrome - after Somalia USA did not want to intervene in FAILED states

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4
Q

When did Rwanda become independent from Belgium

A

1962

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5
Q

When did the Rwandan Genocide start

A

1994

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6
Q

Key facts of Rwandan Genocide

A

Started April 1994 (when Rwandan president (Hutu) killed when his plane was shot down)

Genocide against TUTSIS lasted over 100 days

1 million people killed (of total population 8 million)

Hutus massacred/murdered Tutsis mostly hacked to death with machetes and clubs

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7
Q

History prior to Independence of Rwanda in 1962

A

Colonial favouritism by Belgiums and Germans to Tutsis (tall lighter skinned)
- Education
- Jobs
- Economic
- ID cards showed ethnicity

Tutsis = 15% of population = cattle herders = held most of land in Rwanda/Burundi
Hutus = 87% of population = farmers
TWA = 1% of population

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8
Q

What happened between Independence (1962) to Genocide (1994)

A

Civil war between Hutus and Burundis from early 1960s onwards

In 1962 Rwanda split into 2 nations of RWANDA and BURUNDI

Early 1960 when Civil war broke out - 100,000 Tutsis fled Rwanda to Burundi

Resulted in:
RWANDA - Hutu controlled by Hutu goverment)

BURUNDI - Tutsis in control of army —> seized political power in Burundi ——>TUTSI BURUNDI GOVERNMENT (over the years any Tutsis crushed any Hutu uprisings in Burundi - eg in 1972 1000 Hutus killed by Tutsis

1990 to 1994 - see Events leading to Genocide

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9
Q

What Events lead to Genocide in 1994 (from 1990 to 1994)

A
  1. 1990 - RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front - Tutsi refugees living in UGANDA) INVADES RWANDA
  2. 1993 - ARUSHA PEACE ACCORDS (peace treaty signed between Tutsi RPF rebels and Hutu Rwandese government) signed in Arusha in TANZANIA (arranged by UN and small UN force UNAMIR (UNITED NATIONS MISSION FOR RWANDA) put place in Rwanda to monitor Accord) = UN MISSION = BIG FAILURE as genocide starts
  3. 1993 - Tutsi officers killed first-ever Hutu president in BURUNDI when Tutsis tried to overthrow government. Resulted in 100000 Hutus being killed by the Tutsis in Burundi
  4. Hutu extremists fan hostility in Rwanda against Tutsis
  5. April 1994 - Rwandan President killed in plane crash (his plane shot down)
  6. HUTU EXTREMISTS - KILL 11 Belgium UN PEACEKEEPERS and EXECUTE series of MASSACRES = START OF GENOCIDE
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10
Q

What is INTERHAMWE

A

Means “THOSE WHO FIGHT TOGETHER”

Formed in 1994 by YOUTH FAR RIGHT WING OF RULING RWANDAN PARTY (HUTUS)

BACKED BY HUTU POWER

CIVILIAN DEATH SQUADS - carried out LARGE MASSACRES

Most Tutsis and Tutsi sympathisers were mostly killed in SCHOOLS, CHURCHES and ABANDONED UN POSTS

INTERHAMWE flag has SKYTHE and long axe (colours of red, black and green - long lines)

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11
Q

What does CUT THE TALL TREES mean

A

Tutsis were tall

CODE for “go to work” - get out your machetes and kill the Tutsis

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12
Q

Why did the International Community fail to Intervene

A
  1. Too Expensive - FINANCIAL CONTRAINTS
    1. Didn’t want to go against People’s right to freedom of speech
    2. SOMALIA Syndrome - after disastrous failed peacekeeping mission Somalia - USA vowed to never to return to a conflict involving tribes and clans it didn’t understand - ie did not want to intervene in FAILED states
  2. Safety concerns and FEAR

UN SECRETARY after Genocide said that FAILING TO SEND TROOPS TO RWANDA WAS A FAILURE OF UN & INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICTY

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13
Q

When was the RWANDAN GENOCIDE

A

100 DAYS

6 APRIL 1994 TO 18 JULY 1994

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14
Q

How did the INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY RESPOND BEFORE THE GENOCIDE

A

PRIOR TO GENOCIDE, UN & USA ingnored WARNINGS from HEAD OF UNAMIR - UNITED NATIONS ASSISTANCE MISSion FOR RWANDA = GEN. ROMEO DALLAIRE

DALLAIRE informed:
1. There was plan to EXTERMINATE the TUTSIS
2. Urgently requested to be granted permission to RAID HUTU WEAPON CACHES - DENIED TOO DANGEROUS
3. He was told the Hutus that if they carried on this way Genocide was about to begin (which they knew already had)

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15
Q

AFTER GENOCIDE - HOW WAS JUSTICE WAS SERVED

A
  1. JAIL but over 80000 inmates - insufficient funding, not enough jails and lack of basic services
  2. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA - TRIALS 1994 to 2012 - TOO SLOW
  3. HOMEGROWN JUSTICE SYSTEM
    • called GACACA
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16
Q

WHAT was GACACA

A

HOMEGROWN JUSTICE SYSTEM - gave lesser sentences

JUDGES - COMMUNITY LEADERS

2 types of sentences
1. Prison
2. Community service

COULD NOT GIVE DEATH SENTENCES (only official courts could)

DEATH SENTENCE WAS ABOLISHED IN 2007 IN RWANDSA

(Kept Rwanda from becoming an INCARCERATION NATION (IE JAILED NATION)

IT WAS COMPULSORY FOR COMMUNITY TO GO TO HEARINGS - IF REFUSED GOT FINES

NO PHYSICAL EVIDENCE JUST WITNESSES

17
Q

AFTER EFFECTS OF GENOCIDE

A

Many HUTUS IN JAIL

Many Hutus and Tutsis DISPLACED (LOST THEIR HOMES)

MASSIVE ECONOMIC DAMAGE

Intermarriage not common

Poverty

Risk of FURTHER CONFLICT

18
Q

WHO IS THE CURRENT PRESIDENT OF RWANDA

A

Paul Kagame (MARCH 2000 AND STILL PRESIDENT TODAY)

REMARKABLE UNDER HIS LEADERSHIP

19
Q

Why did US officials refuse to call the killings a GENOCIDE

A

As they didn’t want to be OBLIGED TO INTERVENE under the GENOCIDE CONVENTION

History (2 decks)

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