rwandan genocide

Question 1

event scentence

Answer 1

the Rwandan Genocide was the killing of 500,000 Rwandans, majority of which were from the Tutsi ethnic group. This occured over 100 days beginning on April 7th, 1994 and ending on JUly 15th 1994.

Question 2

why was the colonisation of Rwanda important

Answer 2

It was during colonial rule that Rwanda’s ethnic groups: Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa became racialized. It was the solidification of these identities and their relationship with political power that would lay the foundation for genocidal violence.

Question 3

berlin conference

Answer 3

novemner 1884 to feburary 1885, europe divided up afirca and rwanda was placed under german rule germany used violence to control the rwandans and this began rwandan’s hatred of colonisers

Question 4

Treaty of versailles

Answer 4

aftermath of ww2 the treaty of versialles was signed on the 28th June 1919 and rwandan was given to belgium. they folloowed similar polices to germany. Belgian classfied Tutsi as superior reinforcing ethinic divide and making Hutu seek revenge

Question 5

link scentence belgian colonisation

Answer 5

not direct cause, set up the foundation and without it the racism in rwanda would not have reached the point of a genocide

Question 6

post independent rwanda

Answer 6

At the end of WW2 Rwanda became a United Nations trust territory in 1946, with its independence in sight.The Hutu majority saw this as an opportunity to finally get rid of colonial rule.political parties were allowed in Ruanda-Urundi in the late 1950s. The Belgians began to recognise that they needed to shift their support to the majority Hutu.

Question 7

Post Independence pt2

Answer 7

In July 1959 Tutsi King Mutari III died and ethnic violence broke out. Hutu masses staged an uprising under PARMEHUTU direction. The successor to the throne, Kigeli V, fled the country with thousands of Tutsi refugees and a provisional Hutu government was installed. Between 10,000 and 100,000 (mainly Tutsi) died. This became Rwanda’s first ethnically driven conflict.

Question 8

second republic

Answer 8

n 1973 there were further acts of violence against Tutsi. This time the purge was at universities and resulted in the army taking power and forming the Second Republic. Juvenal Habyarimana, the armies chief of staff, did little to encourage some national unity. His main goal was to secure power in the PARMEHUTU and gain wealth

Question 9

second republic pt2

Answer 9

Haybyarimana furthered the ethnic division through educating Hutu and not giving equal oppurtnity to Tutsi.

Question 10

how did the independence of rwanda cause the genocide

Answer 10

Rwanda’s independence in 1962 meant that, the ethnic majority, Hutus, were left in power and this resulted in widespread discrimination against Tutsi, laying the groundwork for the 1994 genocide.

Question 11

IOM - death rates

Answer 11

Estimates range from as low as 500,000 to as high as 1 million. Most accounts settle on 800,000 victims. 10% of the population was dead. 75% of those were Tutsi and majority of victims were men

Question 12

IOM - consequences of death rates for women

Answer 12

This led to women being the head of 66% of households
Many of these were now widows and, as a consequence, the status of women in Rwandan society had to change. As women now made up the majority of the adult working population, they became central not only to reconstructing society but also to the economic development of the country.

Question 13

IOM - education

Answer 13

Education for girls also changed. Prior to the genocide girls had little formal schooling with illiteracy rates as high as 50% among females. as of 2018 the literacy rate for women has increased to 70%

Question 14

IOM - government

Answer 14

In 2014 almost ⅔ of parliament were women.
Gender rights are included in the constitution which mandates that at least 30% of seats are to be held by women. Changes in laws have meant that women can now inherit land, own property, share the assets of the marriage and obtain credit.

Question 15

IOM - summary

Answer 15

A country that was run primarily by men and in a constant state of violence and war became one of the most progressive countries in the world after the genocide took place and is placed at 4th in the world for gender equity.

Question 16

J&R - intro

Answer 16

for rwanda to move foward as a cohesive community, justice had to be served for those who were involved in the killings.

Question 17

J&R - beginning problems

Answer 17

Prosecuting those responsible for the genocide was problematic. By 1998 the prison population had risen to 130,000 and only 1200 of those had been tried before the courts. To help with this a tribunal was set up in 1998 in Arusha, then in 1999 the Rwandan government established the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission and used traditional methods (called Gacaca) to deal with the crimes.

Question 18

J&R - Gacaca courts

Answer 18

The Gacaca courts were made up of people from the local community who were to elect judges to try cases in front of their peers. The Gacaca courts began operating in 2005 across the country. Defendants were given shorter sentences in exchange for confessing and asking forgiveness from their victim’s families.

Question 19

J&R - Gacaca stats

Answer 19

Paul Kagame estimated that these grass roots courts cost the country $40 million, compared to the $1.7 billion spent on the ICTS. The Gacaca courts tried about 2 million cases in a 10 year period before officially closing in 2012.

Question 20

J&R - Gacaca summary

Answer 20

these courts allowed offenders to receive sentences that the public agreed were appropriate and through this forgiveness could be given to the perpetrators of the genocide and Rwanda could move forward as one.