RV

Question 1

Wave form

Answer 1

RAP A-wave􏰈HV A-wave
RAP x-descent􏰈HV S-wave
RAP V-wave􏰈HV V-wave
RAP Y-descent􏰈HV D-wave

Question 2

The following cardiac disorders result in changes to the hepatic venous flow pulsed-wave Doppler spectral profile:

Answer 2

􏰉 Elevated RAP from decreased RV compliance: Hepatic venous S < D. This may be seen with pseudonormal or restrictive diastolic dysfunction.

􏰉 TR􏰈 blunting or reversal of S wave (reversal􏰈severe TR)
􏰉 Large HV A-wave is seen with: TS and/or complete heart block (CHB).