Rutgers Test A&P2 Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What tissue forms a sac around the heart?
A
Pericardium
2
Q
What is the correct sequence of heart chambers and valves carrying deoxygenated blood?
A
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Semilunar Valve -> Pulmonary Arteries -> Lungs
3
Q
Which heart valve prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the right atrium?
A
Tricuspid
4
Q
What is the major function of the chordae tendineae?
A
Prevents AV valve flaps from swinging back
5
Q
What vessels carry blood from the lungs to the heart?
A
Pulmonary Veins
6
Q
What happens during systole?
A
The heart contracts and pushes blood out
7
Q
What is the correct sequence of impulse conduction through the heart?
A
SA Node -> AV Node -> Bundle of His -> Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibers
8
Q
In which organ would you find cardiomyocytes?
A
Heart
9
Q
Which structure is commonly referred to as the pacemaker of the heart?
A
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
10
Q
What type of impulses are carried to the heart by nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine?
A
The vagus nerve influences the heart rate
11
Q
What parameters determine cardiac output?
A
- Heart rate
- Contractility
- Pre-load
- After load
12
Q
What occurs during systole?
A
Contraction of the heart muscles
13
Q
What occurs during diastole?
A
Relaxation of the heart muscles
14
Q
What is the difference between bicuspid and tricuspid valves?
A
Number of flaps (cusps)
15
Q
What arteries supply heart muscles with oxygenated blood?
A
Coronary arteries
16
Q
What blood vessels go from the digestive tract to the liver?
A
Mesenteric arteries to Hepatic Portal Vein
17
Q
Thrombosis blocking the first upward branch from the aortic arch affects which part of the body?
A
Right arm and right side of the head
18
Q
What condition is characterized by a buildup of plaque in arterial walls?
A
Atherosclerosis
19
Q
Which is not a branch of the aorta?
A
Branches of the aorta include: Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery
20
Q
What part of the peripheral circulatory system do valves control the direction of blood flow?
A
Veins
21
Q
What part of the circulatory system is directly involved with gas exchange?
A
Capillaries
22
Q
What do capillaries do?
A
Where gas exchange occurs between blood and nearby structures
23
Q
What type of anemia is caused by a lack of dietary iron?
A
Hypochromic anemia
24
Q
What does a low hematocrit indicate?
A
Low amount of red blood cells in blood -> anemia
25
What best describes platelets?
Cytoplasmic fragments of cells
26
What do megakaryocytes produce?
Platelets
27
What type of cells are biconcave?
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
28
What is the normal white blood cell count range in a healthy adult?
4,500 to 11,000 WBC/Microliter
29
What causes sickle cell anemia?
A genetically abnormal form of hemoglobin
30
What term describes the clumping of RBC by antibodies?
Hemagglutination
31
Where is erythropoietin synthesized in response to low oxygen?
Bone Marrow
32
What initiates the intrinsic clotting cascade?
Collagen
33
Which treatment can prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
* Rh positive mothers with anti-RH agglutinin
* Rh negative mothers with anti-Rh antibodies
* Rh negative mothers with Rh positive blood cells
* Rh positive mothers with Rh positive blood cells
34
What is the final protein product of both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting cascades?
Fibrin
35
What activates the intrinsic clotting cascade?
Hageman factor 12
36
What term describes the differentiation and development of all mature blood cells?
Hematopoiesis
37
What vasoconstricting mediator is released from platelets?
Fibrin
38
What is the blood type for universal recipients?
AB Positive
39
Which blood type is the universal donor?
O Negative
40
What specific proteins does type AB blood contain?
* A Antigens
* B Antigens
41
What are the molecular messengers of the endocrine system?
Hormones
42
Which gland does TSH act upon?
Thyroid Gland
43
What defines a tropic hormone?
A hormone that stimulates the secretion of other hormones
44
Type 1 diabetes is caused by absence of which hormone?
Insulin
45
Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin
46
What tissue is affected by oversecretion of CRH?
Pituitary Glands
47
What condition results from hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood?
Gigantism
48
What exocrine glands are on the superior ends of each kidney?
Adrenal glands
49
Which disorder may show a goiter in the neck?
Hyperthyroidism
50
Where is insulin synthesized and stored?
Pancreas
51
What hormone stimulates uterus contractions?
Oxytocin
52
What type of hormone secretion affects only the cell that secreted it?
Autocrine
53
What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete to control calcium levels?
Calcitonin
54
What vitamin is a steroid hormone?
Vitamin D
55
What describes the primary mechanism of action of steroid hormones?
Binds to DNA associated receptors in the cell nucleus
56
What is a manifestation of hyperthyroidism that appears as a bulge in the neck?
Goiter
57
What disease is caused by inadequate secretion of ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
58
What system drains protein-containing fluid from tissue spaces?
Lymphatic System
59
How do the relative permeabilities of lymphatic and blood capillaries compare?
Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable
60
What is a similarity between lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries?
Fluid exchange
61
What type of valve is found in lymphatic vessels?
Semilunar
62
What common issue can occur in blocked lymphatics?
Edema
63
What is the condition called when tissue swells due to fluid movement from blood into tissues?
Edema
64
Where are T lymphocytes enriched in a lymph node?
Medulla
65
Where do B lymphocytes proliferate in a lymph node?
Outer Cortex
66
What is the primary function of T & B lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system?
Eliminate Pathogens
67
What are the two most active phagocytic cells among leukocytes?
* Neutrophils
* Monocytes
68
What is the primary function of plasma cells?
Produce antibodies
69
What term refers to the clumping of red blood cells by antibodies?
Agglutination
70
What leads to leukocytosis?
High white blood cell count due to infection
71
Which class of antibody protects against bacteria?
IgM
72
What cells become immunocompetent due to thymosin?
T cells
73
What property of IL-1 causes it to be called an endogenous pyrogen?
Causes a fever
74
What end product of cellular respiration is primarily exhaled?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
75
Which structures warm and moisten inhaled air?
Nasal mucosa, Larynx, Alveoli, Trachea
76
What cartilage landmarks the opening for a tracheostomy?
Cricoid
77
What is the procedure for cutting an emergency airway?
Tracheostomy
78
What type of tissue keeps the trachea open?
Cartilage
79
What type of cells line the trachea of a healthy adult non-smoker?
Ciliated epithelial cells
80
What parts of the bronchial tree open into the alveoli?
Bronchioles
81
Where does oxygen exchange in the lungs primarily occur?
Alveolus
82
What decreases alveoli surface tension and allows inflation?
Pulmonary surfactant
83
What is the normal amount of air taken in on an average breath?
Tidal volume
84
What is the diaphragm's action during inhalation?
Contracts and moves downward
85
What is the diaphragm's action during exhalation?
Relaxes and moves up
86
What role does serous fluid between pleural membranes have?
Prevent friction
87
What does cellular respiration create?
6CO2, 6H2O, 36 ATP
88
What term describes a collapsed lung due to atmospheric air entering the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax
89
What condition results from surgical removal of a parotid gland?
Dry mouth
90
What do parietal cells of gastric glands secrete?
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) & Intrinsic Factors
91
What hormone stimulates the production of HCl and pepsin?
Gastrin
92
How is digested food moved through the intestine?
Peristalsis
93
What is the midsection of the small intestine?
Jejunum
94
What duct leads from the gallbladder to the duodenum?
Cystic duct -> common bile duct
95
What activity is compromised when the vagus nerve is damaged?
Digestion
96
What is the largest internal organ by mass?
Liver
97
What cells secrete bile?
Hepatic cells
98
Where is excess dietary glucose stored?
Liver
99
What does obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impair?
Digestion of bile and pancreatic juice
100
What is the source of bile pigments bilirubin and biliverdin?
Breakdown of hemoglobin
101
What is the major source of digestive enzymes for the small intestine?
Pancreas
102
What deficiency contributes to elevated fat levels in feces?
Bile or Pancreatic Lipase
103
What does the structure design of brush border cells do?
Increase surface area
104
What is the proper order of division of the colon?
* Ascending
* Transverse
* Descending
* Sigmoid
105
What are the major functions of the large intestine?
Water reabsorption
106
What does cellular respiration increase?
ATP
107
What class of molecules is the body's first choice for quick energy?
Carbohydrates
108
What process reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds?
Catabolism
109
A deficiency in which vitamin can lead to night blindness?
Vitamin A
110
What provides short-term energy after cellular glucose supplies are depleted?
* Glycerol
* Protein
* Glycogen
* Triglycerides
111
What is the calorie deficit needed to lose 1 lb of fat?
3500 calories
112
Which type of molecules provides the most energy per gram after metabolism?
Fats
113
What best describes fat emulsification?
Breaking up fat into small pieces
114
What deficiency causes Kwashiorkor?
Protein
115
What vitamin's precursor can be activated by UV light?
Vitamin D
116
Which vitamin is a steroid hormone?
Vitamin D
117
A deficiency of which vitamin results in scurvy?
Vitamin C
118
What is the biological conduit for urine from the bladder?
Urethra
119
Where is Erythropoietin (EPO) synthesized?
Kidneys
120
What muscle contraction is critical for micturition?
Detrusor muscle contraction
121
What best describes tubular secretion in urine formation?
Movement of substances out of blood into the tubules
122
What process conserves sodium ions in the nephron?
Renal countercurrent mechanisms
123
What force is responsible for protein passage into the glomerular capsule?
Blood pressure in the capillary
124
Where are most nutrients reabsorbed in the nephron?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
125
What process moves substances from glomerulus into Bowman's capsule?
Filtration
126
In which body fluid compartment does plasma belong?
Extracellular
127
What is edema?
Abnormally large amount of fluids in intercellular spaces
128
What disease is caused by hyposecretion of ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
129
What describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and extracellular fluids?
Na+ higher outside (ECF), K+ higher in the cells
130
What process allows substances to move from glomerulus into Bowman's capsule?
Filtration
131
What is edema defined as?
Abnormally large amount of fluids in intercellular spaces
132
Where is sodium higher, inside cells or outside in extracellular fluid?
Outside (ECF)
133
Where is potassium higher, inside cells or outside in extracellular fluid?
Inside the cells
134
How is CO2 mostly transported in the blood?
Bicarbonate ions
135
What condition involves tissue swelling due to fluid movement from blood to tissue fluids?
Edema
136
Which body fluid compartment contains the greatest percentage of total body water?
Intracellular
137
What occurs during respiratory acidosis?
Hydrogen ion concentration increases
138
What are the three major physiological buffer systems?
* Bicarbonate buffer system
* Phosphate buffer system
* Plasma protein buffer system
139
Which hormones mediate fluid and electrolyte balance?
* Aldosterone
* ADH
* Atrial natriuretic peptide
140
What does albuminuria indicate?
Sign of kidney damage
141
Why does alcohol act as a diuretic?
It decreases the secretion of ADH
142
What type of heredity disease is hemophilia?
Sex Linked
143
Where does capacitation in sperm usually occur?
Vas deferens
144
Which gland secretes fructose sugar for sperm energy?
Seminal vesicles
145
What characteristic does the SRY gene confer?
Gender
146
Which hormones are directly necessary for sperm production?
* Testosterone
* FSH
* LH
147
What is produced by the process of spermatogenesis?
Sperm throughout life
148
Where in the testes is sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
149
From which layer of the uterus is tissue sloughed during menstruation?
Endometrium
150
Which structure produces the largest amount of progesterone?
Corpus luteum in the ovaries
151
Where does fertilization of the ovum occur?
Fallopian tubes
152
What typically causes chromosomal aneuploidy?
Defect in meiosis
153
Where is the fundus of the uterus located?
Top sticking out part
154
What hormone-related processes occur at the onset of menstruation?
Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
155
What is the activity of teratogen?
Interfere with normal fetal development
156
What is the fluid surrounding the developing fetus in the uterus?
Amniotic fluid
157
What causes Down syndrome?
Having 3 of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21)
158
What is the primary germ layer for muscle, bone, reproductive organs, and kidneys?
Mesoderm
159
At what stage after fertilization is the developing egg implanted in the uterine wall?
Blastocyst stage
160
Which vitamin is given to pregnant women to develop the fetus?
* Vitamin B12
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin C
161
Where do O2 and nutrients from the mother diffuse into the bloodstream of the fetus?
Placental membrane
162
What is the primary germ layer that forms many other structures around the periphery of the body?
Ectoderm
