Russian revolution Romanov dynasty and issues that led to it's downfall Flashcards
What was the significance of the October Manifesto?
What rights were granted by the October Manifesto?
The October Manifesto was issued by Tsar Nicholas II to address the people’s grievances.
It legalized freedom of speech, the right to have public meetings, and granted the people the right to elect a Duma.
The Duma, however, failed to bring about substantial reforms.
On April 23, 1906, the Tsar issued Fundamental Laws that reasserted his autocratic power and granted him various rights.
These rights included ruling by decree, vetoing legislation, dissolving the Duma, commanding the army and navy, controlling the Orthodox Church, overturning court verdicts, and directing foreign relations and war declarations.
How many Dumas were established between 1906 and 1917?
What were the limitations of the Dumas’ powers?
There were four Dumas established between 1906 and 1917.
However, their powers were limited due to the Fundamental Laws and the Tsar’s authority.
The Tsar retained the ability to rule by decree in emergencies or when the Duma was not in session, veto legislation, dissolve the Duma, command the army and navy, control the Orthodox Church, overturn court verdicts, and direct foreign relations and war declarations.
What opposition groups emerged despite the prohibition of political parties?
What were the key beliefs and goals of each group?
Social Democrats:
Believed in workers’ control over the means of production.
Wanted to seize power through revolution.
Split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks due to policy disagreements.
Bolsheviks:
Led by Lenin.
Wanted to take control of the country by force.
Aimed to establish a central committee and use strikes and demonstrations.
Mensheviks:
Led by Martov.
Believed in peaceful change, waiting for the working class to grow in numbers.
Aimed to unite with peasants and overthrow the existing government.
Social Revolutionaries:
Formed in 1901.
Believed in the importance of peasants in overthrowing the Tsar.
Planned to seize land from the church and nobility, handing it over to village communities.
Constitutional Democrats (Cadets):
Included industrialists, intellectuals, and merchants.
Wanted to eliminate corrupt officials and limit the Tsar’s powers.
Envisioned a constitutional monarchy with a democratically elected parliament.
What characterized the Russian Empire in the 19th century?
How was support for the Tsar maintained in the Russian Empire?
What were the living and working conditions of the peasants in Russia?
The Russian Empire was a vast empire with diverse ethnic groups, cultures, and religions, held together by the power of the Tsar and the Russian Orthodox Church.
Support for the Tsar was maintained through the close intertwining of church and state, the appointment of advisers and ministers, the role of the nobility as provincial governors, and the use of the army and police for internal control.
Peasants in Russia faced primitive living and working conditions, primarily working in village communes or mirs, and were considered the property of their owners.
Who was Tsar Alexander II and what significant reform did he undertake?
What were the consequences of the Emancipation Edict?
How did the subsequent Tsars react to opposition and unrest?
Tsar Alexander II was known as the Tsar Liberator and emancipated the serfs in 1861.
The Emancipation Edict aimed to maintain autocracy but also led to increased unrest.
After an assassination attempt on Alexander II, repressive measures were adopted, and subsequent Tsars, like Alexander III, reinstated nobles to positions of authority, increased police and secret police presence, and reversed education reforms.
Who was Tsar Alexander II and what significant reform did he undertake?
What were the consequences of the Emancipation Edict?
How did the subsequent Tsars react to opposition and unrest?
Tsar Alexander II was known as the Tsar Liberator and emancipated the serfs in 1861.
The Emancipation Edict aimed to maintain autocracy but also led to increased unrest.
After an assassination attempt on Alexander II, repressive measures were adopted, and subsequent Tsars, like Alexander III, reinstated nobles to positions of authority, increased police and secret police presence, and reversed education reforms.
What were the political conditions during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II?
What were the factors contributing to unrest and dissatisfaction in Russia?
How did the Russo-Japanese War impact the political situation in Russia?
Tsar Nicholas II aimed to maintain autocracy, leading to growing unrest and dissatisfaction among the population.
Factors such as famine, overcrowded land, student opposition, industrial strikes, poor living conditions, and peasant uprisings contributed to the growing discontent.
The Russo-Japanese War was used as a distraction and an attempt to restore national pride, diverting attention from the domestic issues in Russia.
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
How did the war impact the Russian political situation?
What can be studied through visual representations and cartoons related to the war?
The Russo-Japanese War was a conflict between Russia and Japan that distracted from the growing revolution in Russia.
The war had an impact on the political situation in Russia, but specific details are not provided in the notes.
Visual representations and cartoons related to the war can provide insights into the reasons for the conflict, its nature, and the biases present in those representations.
What major event took place in December 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War?
What happened in January 1905 at the Putilov Iron Works?
What occurred on Bloody Sunday in January 1905?
Russians surrendered Port Arthur to the Japanese in December 1904.
A strike began at the Putilov Iron Works in January 1905.
On Bloody Sunday, Father Gapon led a peaceful march to the Winter Palace to petition the Tsar for reform, but the demonstrations were violently suppressed, resulting in numerous casualties.
Who was assassinated in February 1905?
What demands and actions took place in September and October 1905?
What was the significance of the October Manifesto?
Grand Duke Sergei, the Tsar’s uncle, was assassinated in February 1905.
In September 1905, the Zemstov Conference demanded a Duma elected by universal suffrage, and there was a wave of strikes in Moscow.
In October 1905, a Soviet (worker’s council) was established in St. Petersburg, a general strike was directed, and Tsar Nicholas II signed the “October Manifesto” to grant civil rights, establish a Duma, and promise a constitution.
How were mutinies, strikes, and peasant unrest dealt with after October 1905?
What were the main opposition groups that formed?
How did the Tsar respond to the opposition?
Mutinies, strikes, and peasant unrest were firmly repressed after October 1905, with leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet being exiled to Siberia.
Opposition groups that formed included the Social Democrats (split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks), Social Revolutionaries, and Constitutional Democrats (Cadets).
The Tsar responded to the opposition by reasserting his autocratic power with Fundamental Laws in April 1906.
