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Russian Grammar > Russian Grammar 1 > Flashcards

Russian Grammar 1 Flashcards

Learning Russian grammar

1
Q

This is / these are

A

Это

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2
Q

Here is /here are

A

Тут

Or

Вот

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3
Q

Russian Word used to point things far away

A

Там

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4
Q

And

A

И

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5
Q

But / and ( for slight contrast)

A

а

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6
Q

What’s 7 letters spelling rule

A

After consonantsг, к, х, ж, ш, щ, чdo not write the letterы. Whenever an [ы] or [и] sound

follows one of these letters, it is spelledи. This is called7-letter spelling rule.

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7
Q

What letters indicate the preceding consonant is hard?

A

!

а о у э ы- indicate that the preceding consonant ishard .

And ъ after prefixes

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8
Q

What letters indicate that the preceding consonant is soft?

A

я ё ю е иandь- indicate that the preceding consonant issoft

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9
Q

What are vowels reduction rules 1 and 2?

A

Vowel Reduction Rule 1

In the first syllable before the stress the letterоsounds likeа

Vowel Reduction Rule 2

Anywhere after the stress and more than one syllable before the stress о & а are pronounced like short а

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10
Q

What are vowels reduction rules 3 and 4 ?

A

Vowel Reduction Rule 3 :

In the first syllable before the stress the lettersе, яare pronounced like и

Vowel Reduction Rule 4 :

Anywhere after the stress and more than one syllable before the stressе,яare pronounced kind of like э

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11
Q

The lettersя, ё, ю, еrepresent what sounds after ( soft ) consonants?

A

[а, о, у, э] respectively

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12
Q

When are The lettersя ё ю е pronounced as two sounds [йа, йо, йу, йе]?

A

after ь and ъ :
объект

after a vowel :
Россия

At the beginning of the word:
ёлка

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13
Q

What is the 5 consonants spelling rule?

A

The 5 Consonant Rule.Afterш ж щ ч цwriteoif that syllable is accented andeif it is not, e.g. в большом хоршем доме “in a big nice house”.

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14
Q

What is the hush spelling rule?

A

The Hush Rule. after hushes (ш ж щ ч) never writeяorюbut alwaysаandу.

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15
Q

What

A

Что

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16
Q

In order to

A

Чтобы

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17
Q

Masculine

A

Мужской

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18
Q

Feminine

A

Женский

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19
Q

Neuter

A

Средний

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20
Q

He ( replaces any masculine noun)

A

Он

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21
Q

She (replaces any feminine noun)

A

Она

22
Q

It ( replaces any neuter noun)

A

Оно

23
Q

They (replaces any plural noun)

A

Они

24
Q

When to use это?

A

For identifying things and people for first time ,then we can refer to them again using (он, она , оно , они)

25
Q

What are the normal hard stem endings of nouns in nominative singulars of : masculine, feminine and neuter?

A

Hard ending for masculine singular nominative is with a consonant.

Hard ending for feminine singular nominative is “а”.

Hard ending for neuter singular nominative is “о”

26
Q

What are the normal soft stem endings of nouns in nominative singulars of : masculine, feminine and neuter?

A

For masculine : “й” or “ь”.
For feminine : “я” or “ь”
For neuter : “е” or “ё”

27
Q

How to find the plural nominative of a masculine singular with a hard stem?

A

By adding “ы” to the ending

Журнал - дурналы

28
Q

How to find the plural nominative of a feminine singular with a hard stem?

A

By replacing the stem ending “а” with “ы”

Лампа - лампы

29
Q

How to find the plural nominative of a neuter singular with a hard stem?

A

By Replacing the stem ending “о” with “а”

Письмо - письма

30
Q

How to find the plural nominative of a masculine singular with a soft stem?

A

By replacing the “й” or “ь” ending with “и”
Музей - музеи
Словарь - словари

31
Q

How to find the plural nominative of a feminine singular with a soft stem?

A

By replacing the “я” or “ь” ending with “и”

Песня - песни
Дверь - двери

32
Q

How to find the plural nominative of a neuter singular with a soft stem?

A

By replacing the “е” or “ё” ending with “я”
Ружьё - ружья
Платье - платья

33
Q

How to deal with nouns ending in “ок” or “ец”?

A

They lose their endings “о” or “е” whenever an ending is added

34
Q

what are the Nominative personal pronouns ?

A 
Я = i
Ты = you
Он = he
Она = she
Оно = it
Они = they
Мы = we
Вы = you (plural/ formal)
35
Q

Where

A

Где

36
Q

Too / also

A

Тоже

Я тоже студент

37
Q

What are the suffixes -иц -ниц combined with “а” used for?

A

For forming feminine from masculine nouns.

Певиц - певица
Учитель - учительница

38
Q

Something

A

Что-то

39
Q

Someone

A

Кто-то

40
Q

So / therefore

A

Так

41
Q

What is the difference between transcription and transliteration in Russian language studies?

A

Transliteration is the representation of Russian letters by English ones .

Transcription is the representation of their “sounds” phonetically.

42
Q

Which Russian letters are always soft? (Unpaired)

A

Ч / щ / й

43
Q

Which Russian letters are always hard ? (Unpaired)

A

Ц / ш / ж

44
Q

What gender is most likely for a noun ending (и, у ,ю ) ?

A

Neuter .

And it’s most likely a foreign borrowing

45
Q

How to conjugate feminine nouns ending anything other than (а ,я, ь)?

A

If feminine nouns don’t end in (а ,я ,ь ) they are indeclinable.

46
Q

What are the possible endings for infinitives in Russian?

A

Most Russian infinitives end in-ть

Few end in -чь , -ти.

47
Q

What are the conjugations of знать type verbs in present?

A 
Я знаю = I know
Ты знаешь = you know
Он ,она,  оно знает = he ,she , it knows
Мы знаем = we know
Вы знаете = you know (plural/ formal)
Они знают ,= they know
48
Q

What are the conjugations of говорить type verbs in present?

A

Я говорю = i speak
Ты говоришь = you speak
Он , она , оно говорит = he , she , it speaks
Мы говорим = we speak
Вы говорите = you speak ( plural/ formal)
Они говорят = they speak

49
Q

What is an “ехать” Verb Type and how to conjugate their present forms?

A

It is kind of a variant of знать verbs type ,but have a different unpredictable stem compared to The infinitive and are conjugated the same but have endings -у after я , and -ут after они

Ехать:
Я еду = i  go (by transport)
Ты едешь = you go
Он , она , оно едет = he ,she , it goes
Мы едем = we go
Вы едете = you go (plural / formal)
Они едут = they go

If the “е” in a verb ending is stressed it becomes “ё”.

Жить :

Я живу
Ты живёшь
Он , она , оно живёт
Мы живём
Вы живёте
Они живут
50
Q

When do verbs have “ё” in their endings?

A

If the “е” in a verb ending is stressed it becomes “ё”.

Russian Grammar (2 decks)

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