Russian Grammar 1 Flashcards
Learning Russian grammar
This is / these are
Это
Here is /here are
Тут
Or
Вот
Russian Word used to point things far away
Там
And
И
But / and ( for slight contrast)
а
What’s 7 letters spelling rule
After consonantsг, к, х, ж, ш, щ, чdo not write the letterы. Whenever an [ы] or [и] sound
follows one of these letters, it is spelledи. This is called7-letter spelling rule.
What letters indicate the preceding consonant is hard?
!
а о у э ы- indicate that the preceding consonant ishard .
And ъ after prefixes
What letters indicate that the preceding consonant is soft?
я ё ю е иandь- indicate that the preceding consonant issoft
What are vowels reduction rules 1 and 2?
Vowel Reduction Rule 1
In the first syllable before the stress the letterоsounds likeа
Vowel Reduction Rule 2
Anywhere after the stress and more than one syllable before the stress о & а are pronounced like short а
What are vowels reduction rules 3 and 4 ?
Vowel Reduction Rule 3 :
In the first syllable before the stress the lettersе, яare pronounced like и
Vowel Reduction Rule 4 :
Anywhere after the stress and more than one syllable before the stressе,яare pronounced kind of like э
The lettersя, ё, ю, еrepresent what sounds after ( soft ) consonants?
[а, о, у, э] respectively
When are The lettersя ё ю е pronounced as two sounds [йа, йо, йу, йе]?
after ь and ъ :
объект
after a vowel :
Россия
At the beginning of the word:
ёлка
What is the 5 consonants spelling rule?
The 5 Consonant Rule.Afterш ж щ ч цwriteoif that syllable is accented andeif it is not, e.g. в большом хоршем доме “in a big nice house”.
What is the hush spelling rule?
The Hush Rule. after hushes (ш ж щ ч) never writeяorюbut alwaysаandу.
What
Что
In order to
Чтобы
Masculine
Мужской
Feminine
Женский
Neuter
Средний
He ( replaces any masculine noun)
Он
She (replaces any feminine noun)
Она
It ( replaces any neuter noun)
Оно
They (replaces any plural noun)
Они
When to use это?
For identifying things and people for first time ,then we can refer to them again using (он, она , оно , они)
What are the normal hard stem endings of nouns in nominative singulars of : masculine, feminine and neuter?
Hard ending for masculine singular nominative is with a consonant.
Hard ending for feminine singular nominative is “а”.
Hard ending for neuter singular nominative is “о”
What are the normal soft stem endings of nouns in nominative singulars of : masculine, feminine and neuter?
For masculine : “й” or “ь”.
For feminine : “я” or “ь”
For neuter : “е” or “ё”
How to find the plural nominative of a masculine singular with a hard stem?
By adding “ы” to the ending
Журнал - дурналы
How to find the plural nominative of a feminine singular with a hard stem?
By replacing the stem ending “а” with “ы”
Лампа - лампы
How to find the plural nominative of a neuter singular with a hard stem?
By Replacing the stem ending “о” with “а”
Письмо - письма
How to find the plural nominative of a masculine singular with a soft stem?
By replacing the “й” or “ь” ending with “и”
Музей - музеи
Словарь - словари
How to find the plural nominative of a feminine singular with a soft stem?
By replacing the “я” or “ь” ending with “и”
Песня - песни
Дверь - двери
How to find the plural nominative of a neuter singular with a soft stem?
By replacing the “е” or “ё” ending with “я”
Ружьё - ружья
Платье - платья
How to deal with nouns ending in “ок” or “ец”?
They lose their endings “о” or “е” whenever an ending is added
what are the Nominative personal pronouns ?
Я = i Ты = you Он = he Она = she Оно = it Они = they Мы = we Вы = you (plural/ formal)
Where
Где
Too / also
Тоже
Я тоже студент
What are the suffixes -иц -ниц combined with “а” used for?
For forming feminine from masculine nouns.
Певиц - певица
Учитель - учительница
Something
Что-то
Someone
Кто-то
So / therefore
Так
What is the difference between transcription and transliteration in Russian language studies?
Transliteration is the representation of Russian letters by English ones .
Transcription is the representation of their “sounds” phonetically.
Which Russian letters are always soft? (Unpaired)
Ч / щ / й
Which Russian letters are always hard ? (Unpaired)
Ц / ш / ж
What gender is most likely for a noun ending (и, у ,ю ) ?
Neuter .
And it’s most likely a foreign borrowing
How to conjugate feminine nouns ending anything other than (а ,я, ь)?
If feminine nouns don’t end in (а ,я ,ь ) they are indeclinable.
What are the possible endings for infinitives in Russian?
Most Russian infinitives end in-ть
Few end in -чь , -ти.
What are the conjugations of знать type verbs in present?
Я знаю = I know Ты знаешь = you know Он ,она, оно знает = he ,she , it knows Мы знаем = we know Вы знаете = you know (plural/ formal) Они знают ,= they know
What are the conjugations of говорить type verbs in present?
Я говорю = i speak
Ты говоришь = you speak
Он , она , оно говорит = he , she , it speaks
Мы говорим = we speak
Вы говорите = you speak ( plural/ formal)
Они говорят = they speak
What is an “ехать” Verb Type and how to conjugate their present forms?
It is kind of a variant of знать verbs type ,but have a different unpredictable stem compared to The infinitive and are conjugated the same but have endings -у after я , and -ут after они
Ехать: Я еду = i go (by transport) Ты едешь = you go Он , она , оно едет = he ,she , it goes Мы едем = we go Вы едете = you go (plural / formal) Они едут = they go
If the “е” in a verb ending is stressed it becomes “ё”.
Жить :
Я живу Ты живёшь Он , она , оно живёт Мы живём Вы живёте Они живут
When do verbs have “ё” in their endings?
If the “е” in a verb ending is stressed it becomes “ё”.
