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russia_20240606112451 Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Who was the Tsar in 1917?

A

Tsar Nicholas II

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2
Q

Since when had the Romanovs ruled Russia?

A

1613

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3
Q

Why was Nicholas considered a bad leader personality-wise?

A

He was Stubborn, overly-cautious and shy/awkward

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4
Q

When was the Duma established?

A

1906

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5
Q

Why did the Royal family trust Rasputin?

A

Because he was able to prevent Aleksei’s symptoms of hemophilia

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6
Q

Why was St Petersberg’s name changed - What to?

A

Changed to Petrograd - to sound less German

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7
Q

What happened at the battle of Tannenberg 1914?

A

Aug - 300,000 dead or wounded russian soldiers

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8
Q

How many troops did Russia have between 1914-1917?

A

12 million

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9
Q

What stat shows the state of the Russian army by 1914?

A

2 rifles for every 3 soldiers - munitions crisis

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10
Q

How many shells was the artillery limited to in 1915?

A

2-3 shells a day

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11
Q

How many desertions happened in the army by the end of 1915?

A

1.5 million

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12
Q

Who regarded the government as insensitive to the war

A

the Zemstva

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13
Q

What was the ‘Progressive Bloc’ - what did they want?

A

Political parties in the duma - demanded the Tsar change ministers and establish a constitutional monarchy.

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14
Q

When did Nicholas decide to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army?

A

September 1915

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15
Q

Who was Mikhail Rodzianko?

A

The President of the 4th Duma

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16
Q

When was Rasputin murdered?

A

1916

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17
Q

What was the percentage rise in the cost of living?

A

300%

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18
Q

How many workers were on strike in Jan 1917?

A

30,000 - Moscow, 145,000 - Petrograd

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19
Q

When did Prince Lvov ask the Tsar’s uncle for the throne?

A

Jan 1917

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20
Q

Why was there less of a challenge for the Tsar in Jan 1917 from the left?

A

Most Leftists in exile

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21
Q

How many followers did Lenin have in Jan 1917?

A

10,000

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22
Q

How many workers were on strike on 14th Feb?

A

100,000

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23
Q

When was bread rationing announced?

A

14 Feb - to start March 1

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24
Q

When was International Women’s day?

A

23 Feb

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25
Q

How many were on the streets on Saturday 25th?

A

250,000

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26
Q

Who was in charge of the Mounted police?

A

Shalfeev - killed on 25th February

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27
Q

When did Rodzianko, the Duma President, send the telegram warning Nicholas of the situation in Petrograd?

A

26th Feb

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28
Q

How did Nicholas react to the warning from Rodzianko?

A

ordered for the dissolving of the Duma the next day

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29
Q

How many soldiers mutinied on the 27th Feb?

A

66,000

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30
Q

When was the Provisional Government established?

A

27th Feb - same day as Petrograd Soviet

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31
Q

When did Nicholas II offer to share power?

A

28th Feb - too late “There is no return” - Rodzianko

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32
Q

Where was Lenin at the time of the Feb revolution?

A

Zurich - Switzerland

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33
Q

What was Order No. 1?

A

The first act from Petrograd Soviet on 1 March.

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34
Q

What did Order No. 1 Promise?

A

Unites to elect deputy to PS,
Military Commission of Duma obeyed if Soviet agrees
All weapons controlled by soldiers’ committees
Soldiers enjoy citizens right when off duty
No honorific titles - difference in class

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35
Q

How many members did the Petrograd Soviet have on March 10?

A

3,000

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36
Q

When did the Tsar abdicate?

A

2 March

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37
Q

Who controlled the Provisional Government?

A

Prince Lvov

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38
Q

Why was the PG considered temporary?

A

In place until proper constitution would be formed

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39
Q

Where was the new PG set up?

A

Right wing of Tauride Palace

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40
Q

Why was the Provisional Government considered legitimate?

A

Had Mikhail’s blessing - Tsars uncle.

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41
Q

Where was the PS headquarters?

A

Left wing of Tauride Palace

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42
Q

Who was involved in the PS?

A

Socialist intellectuals, Menshiviks and SRs (as well as Bolsheviks)

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43
Q

Who was the only member of the PS and PG?

A

Kerensky

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44
Q

What did the PS accept promises of?

A

Amnesty for political prisoners,
Civil liberties,
Abolition on legal differences in class, religion and nationality,
Freedom for trade unions,

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45
Q

What replaced the tsarist police force in 1917?

A

The ‘people’s militia’

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46
Q

How did the Dual Authority disagree on deserters and order in the countryside?

A

Soviet encouraged peasants and workers to defy authority and assert ‘rights’.

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47
Q

Which arm of the Dual Authority wanted to end the war.

A

The PSW

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48
Q

Who replaced Prince Lvov as Chairman in July 1917?

A

Kerensky

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49
Q

Who announced in April 1917 that the government would continue fighting until a ‘Just peace’ was won?

A

Milyukov

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50
Q

Why did the PG feel bound by the war?

A

Alliance with Britain and France - relied on French loans.

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51
Q

When did Lenin return to Russia?

A

April 3 1917

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52
Q

How many members did the Bolsheviks have in Feb/March 1917?

A

23,000

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53
Q

What was the Bolshevik newspaper called?

A

Pravda (The Truth)

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54
Q

Why did the Germans agree to send Lenin back to Russia?

A

Took advantage of him stirring up trouble.

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55
Q

How many Bolsheviks were in the Petrograd soviet?

A

40

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56
Q

Who were the first to return to Petrograd?

A

Kamenev and Stalin

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57
Q

How did the April Thesis differ from Marxist Theory?

A

The middle class was too weak - workers had to do it
Soviets = ready-made government
Lenin could cause a domino effect across Europe

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58
Q

When were the April Thesis published?

A

7 April 1917

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59
Q

What was the Motto of the April Thesis?

A

‘Peace, Land, Bread’
‘All power to the Soviets!’

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60
Q

How did Lenin initially gain support in Bolshevik party?

A

Persuasion, threats of resignation

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61
Q

What started the July days?

A

A demonstration starting from Kronstadt naval base

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62
Q

Who was blamed for the July Days Violence?

A

Bolsheviks

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63
Q

What happened to the Bolsheviks after the July days?

A

Newspapers shut down, Lenin and Stalin fled. - Others imprisonedWho

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64
Q

Who was replaced after the July Days?

A

Prince Lvov replaced with Kerensky

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65
Q

Who was appointed as Commander in Chief of the army to establish discipline?

A

General Lavr Kornilov

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66
Q

When did Kornilov order troops to march on Petrograd?

A

August 1917W

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67
Q

What was Kornilovs aims?

A

to establish a military dictatorship.

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68
Q

Who did kerensky turn to to halt Kornilov?

A

Turned to the Bolsheviks.

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69
Q

Who was released from prison to aid in the Kornilov coup?

A

Bolsheviks in prison - also given weapons

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70
Q

How did the Bolsheviks use the victory over the Kornilov coup?

A

Portrayed themselves as heroes,
Able to play on fears of further right wing attacks.

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71
Q

Who established the Military Revolutionary Committee?

A

Trotsky

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72
Q

How many Red Gusrds did the Bolsheviks have after the Kornilov coup?

A

10,000

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73
Q

From when did Lenin demand the Bolsheviks to seize power?

A

Mid-september 1917

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74
Q

From when did Lenin demand the Bolsheviks to seize power?

A

Mid-september 1917

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75
Q

Who disagreed with Lenin over the 1917 revolution?

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev

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76
Q

Who thought a military coup could be avoided- opting for becoming the head of the Congress of Soviets.

A

Trotsky

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77
Q

When did Lenin hold a meeting to discuss an armed uprising?

A

10 October

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78
Q

Who was put in charge of the Red Guard?

A

Trotsky

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79
Q

How many soldiers did the Bolsheviks have in the Oct revolution?

A

200,000 Red Guards
60,000 baltic sailors
150,000 from garrison units in petrograd

410,000 overall

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80
Q

Why was the time right for a revolution?

A

Bolsheviks dominated Petrograd and Moscow Soviets,
PG was weak,
Bolsheviks had red guards

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81
Q

When was the MRC established?

A

16 October

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82
Q

How many petrograd garrisons declared allegiance to the MRC

A

15/18

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83
Q

How many petrograd garrisons declared allegiance to the MRC

A

15/18

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84
Q

What happened on 23 October 1917?

A

Kerensky attempted to limit the power of MRC by cutting Bolshevik troops off and closing newspapers

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85
Q

When did the Red Guards initially capture key positions in Petrograd?

A

24th October

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86
Q

What happened on the 25th October?

A

Red Guards enter Winter Palace
Second Congress of Soviets meeting - Mensheviks and SRs protest against seizure of power

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87
Q

When did the Congress of Soviets vote to take power?

A

26th October

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88
Q

What is the first thing the Congress votes on?

A

Lenin’s decree of Peace

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89
Q

What is the Sovnarkom?

A

A Central Committee - members of Bolsheviks and left-wing SRs

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90
Q

When was the Sovnarkom established?

A

27th October

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91
Q

How many people were involved with the Revolution?

A

25-35,000

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92
Q

How many were present at the storming of the Winter Palace?

A

10-15,000

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93
Q

How many deaths were involved?

A

estimated around 5 - very little fighting

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94
Q

What did Soviet historians think about Lenin’s involvement in the Oct Revolution?

A

idealised Lenin and downplayed Trotsky’s role in organising Red Guard

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95
Q

What would critics of Lenin argue about 1917?

A

He was absent for most of it - weakness in PG rather than Lenin’s strength

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96
Q

What would Western Historians claim about the October Revolutions compared to revisionists?

A

Tended to claim a coup d’etat, however modern historians argue it was a popular rebellion exploited by Bolsheviks

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97
Q

What did the October/November revolution transfer the power to?

A

the All-Russian Congress of Soviets

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98
Q

Who walked out of the executive committee after the Bolsheviks won the majority?

A

The Mensheviks and Right0-wing SRs

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99
Q

Who was the Chairman of the Sovnarkom?

A

Lenin

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100
Q

Who initially refused to work for the Bolshevik government?

A

Civil servants - banks took 10 days to hand over state funds under armed threat

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101
Q

Why was the Bolsheviks’ military force weakened after the revolution?

A

Soldiers went back to homes in the countryside

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102
Q

When was the army cadet rising against the Bolsheviks?

A

29 October

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103
Q

When was Kerensky’s opposition defeated?

A

2 November

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104
Q

What did Lenin announce on the 5th November?

A

That the Revolution has succeeded

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105
Q

Why did Kamenev, Zinoviev and Rykov leave the Bolshevik party on 3rd November?

A

Lenin’s ultimatum to end division.

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106
Q

What was the 4 early Lenin decrees?

A

Decree on Peace
Decree on Workers Rights
Decree on Land
Decree to establish Cheka
Social Decrees

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107
Q

What was the Decree on Peace?

A

Promised to end war

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108
Q

What was the Decree to establish the Cheka?

A

Created the state secret police - Cheka

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109
Q

What abolished private land ownership?

A

Lenin’s Decree on Land - as well as legalised land seizures

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110
Q

What was the Workers decree?

A

Workers had a maximum 8 Hour day

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111
Q

What banned the opposition press?

A

the Press decree

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112
Q

What was the Decree to Outlaw sex discrimination?

A

gave equal rights for women

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113
Q

What was the Decrees on the Church?

A

removed marriage and divorce from church control

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114
Q

What allowed workers to ‘supervise’ managers?

A

The Decree on Workers Control

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115
Q

Who led the Cheka in 1917?

A

Felix Dzerzhinsky

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116
Q

What did Lenin establish in December 1917?

A

the Vesenkha - Supreme Soviet of the National Economy
Gained control over economy

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117
Q

What were the Congress of Soviets expecting from the overthrowing of PG?

A

A coalition government, similar to PS

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118
Q

Why didn’t Lenin want to share power?

A

Believed Bolsheviks were acting in interests of working class

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119
Q

What was the Constituent Assembly election?

A

organised elections by PG

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120
Q

Who won the Majority of seats in Constituent Assembly Nov 1917?

A

the SRs with 53%
Bolsheviks had 24%
Mensheviks and others had 23%

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121
Q

What happened after the Bolsheviks lost the election?

A

Lenin said ‘Elections prove nothing’ and closed the Constituent assembly with troops

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122
Q

How did Lenin justify closing the Constituent Assembly?

A

Russia now governed by a ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat’

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123
Q

How many civilians were killed after a demonstration following the Constituent Assembly closure?

A

12

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124
Q

Who lost the right to vote in July 1918?

A

the ‘bourgeoisie’

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125
Q

What were the main reasons for Lenin ending Russian involvement in WW1?

A

Bolshevik promised peace,
Germany could invade
Everyone would rebel against capitalism anyways - German revolution

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126
Q

When was an Armistice with Germany signed?

A

Dec 1917

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127
Q

Who led the ‘Revolutionary war group’ that believed Russians should fight on?

A

Bukharin

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128
Q

Why did Trotsky drag the Peace Treaty proceedings out?

A

Thought that Germany would have own revolution

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129
Q

What was Trotsky’s approach to the Armastice?

A

‘No peace, no war.’ - Germany took advantageL

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130
Q

What was signed on the 3 March 1918?

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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131
Q

Who opposed the Brest-Litovsk treaty?

A

SRs - walked out in protest
Lenin threatened to resign to get the treaty through - majority of one

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132
Q

How many people had Russia lost due to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

62 million people

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133
Q

How much land had Russia lost due to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

2 million km squared - 1/3 of agriculture
3/4 iron and coal supplies

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134
Q

Brest-Litovsk summary terms?

A

people
land
produce
agriculure
money

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135
Q

Who became the head of the Red Army in March 1918/

A

Trotsky - Red Guard disbanded

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136
Q

Where was the capital moved to?

A

Moscow - to be more central to the country

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137
Q

When was the first Soviet constitution proclaimed?

A

July 1918

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138
Q

Who was at the top of the 1918 constitution power structure

A

the Sovnarkom - (Lenin as chairman)
appointed by congress + ran country while congress not in session

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139
Q

Who were banned from voting or holding office?

A

the former ‘exploiting classes’

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140
Q

What was the difference between workers and peasants?

A

Workers’ votes = 5 peasant votes

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141
Q

Was there free choice of candidates for Congress of Soviets?

A

Nope - all were Bolshevik

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142
Q

Why was Lenin’s peace with Germany resented?

A

The harsh terms he agreed to

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143
Q

Why had the left had turned against Bolsheviks?

A

Kadets and SRs kciekd out of government
Constituent assembly closing
Bolsheviks didn’t include soviets and imposed one-party dictatorship

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144
Q

Who were alienated by Bolshevik ideology?

A

Aristocrats and Bourgeoisie, those with land, money and businesses started to lose what they had

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145
Q

Who predominatnly wanted the old tsarist regime?

A

Army officers - objected peace with Germany

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146
Q

Who were the Reds?

A

the Bolshevik red army - led by Trotsky

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147
Q

Who were the Whites?

A

Various armies and groups of Bolshevik enemies - led by former tsarist officers

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148
Q

Who were the Greens?

A

a largely peassant army fighting for independence.
Mostly in Ukraine - swapped sides depending on who’d help

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149
Q

What started the Civil War?

A

The Czech Legion seizing trans-siberian railway

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150
Q

Who made rapid advances in August 1918?

A

General Denikin - SW and Kolchak - E

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151
Q

Who declared himself ‘Supreme Ruler’ of Russia in Nov 1918?

A

Kolchak - Whites seemed to be successful however Red Counter-attacks prevented them linking up

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152
Q

How many miles to Moskow did Denikin’s army get to?

A

200 miles

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153
Q

Who’s army advanced to outskirts of Petrograd with 15,000 men in Oct 1919

A

Yudenich

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154
Q

When was Kolchak captured and shot?

A

Feb 1920

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155
Q

Who retreated to the Crimea in March 1920

A

Denikin’s army

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156
Q

When did the Russo-Polish War begin?

A

May 1920

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157
Q

Who took over after Denikin in the Crimea?

A

Baron Wrangel - defeated by Green army

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158
Q

When was the Treaty of Riga signed?

A

March 1921

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159
Q

What was the Treaty of Riga?

A

Granted independence to Poland, Estonia, Latvia and other states.

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160
Q

How did Trotsky travel around the war fronts?

A

On a special train, meeting commanders and troops

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161
Q

What was in Trotsky’s special train?

A

Food, equipment and Propaganda - boosting morale

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162
Q

How did the Red Army have enough food?

A

Requisitioning grain from peasants

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163
Q

How many former tsarist officers were recruited to train troops?

A

50,000

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164
Q

What did Trotsky insist on in the Red Army?

A

Strict discipline - units retreating without orders would be have commissars shot

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165
Q

What was reintroduced into the army to make it a professional force?

A

Traditional ranks and practices, no longer elected officers

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166
Q

When was the Tsar Murdered?

A

July 1918

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167
Q

Where was the Tsar Murdered?

A

Yekaterinburg

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168
Q

How could Geography be seen as a reason for Red Victory?

A

Reds commanded cummications, armaments factories
densely populated areas in central russia

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169
Q

How were the Reds United?

A

united in ideological aim - whites fought for independent objectives

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170
Q

How was the Leadership of the Red Army better than the whites?

A

The Red army was well-disciplined under Trotsky,
Whites had few competent and were ill disciplined

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171
Q

How was peasant support a positive for the Red Army/

A

they generally agreed with the Red’s land policies - Whites association with Tsarist regime

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172
Q

How did foreign involvement help the Reds?

A

Didn’t help the Whites that much - propaganda platform for Reds

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173
Q

What happened to Government during wartime?

A

Increased centralisation of government

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174
Q

How many party members fought for the army?

A

500,000

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175
Q

How did the Soviet Bureaucracy grow?

A

more Bureaucrats than workers

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176
Q

How did the way in which orders were given change?

A

quicker from the centre outward

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177
Q

What was formed in 1919 that overrode the government?

A

The Politburo

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178
Q

What could be said about eh Bolsheviks mentality?

A

adopted a seige mentality - defence rather than attack

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179
Q

What was officially established at the end of 1922?

A

USSR - Soviet Union

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180
Q

What was state capitalism known as?

A

a ‘halfway house’ between capitalism and socialism

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181
Q

When and what was the Decree on Land?

A

November 1917 - abolished private land ownership

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182
Q

When and what was the Decree on workers control?

A

November 1917 - gave workers greater control over running factories

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183
Q

When were the banks nationalised?

A

December 1917

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184
Q

When was state capitalism implemented?

A

1917-18

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185
Q

When and what was the Decree on Land?

A

February 1917 - Abolished private ownership on land

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186
Q

When and what was the Decree on Workers control?

A

November 1917 - Gave workers greater control over factories

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187
Q

When was the Nationalisation of the banks?

A

Dec 1917

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188
Q

When was War communism implemented?

A

June 1918-21

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189
Q

When did the Red Terror intensify?

A

September 1918

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190
Q

When did Compulsory grain requisitioning start?

A

Jan 1919

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191
Q

When was the Tambov Revolt?

A

August 1920

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192
Q

When did Industrial production decrease to 20%

A

December 1920

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193
Q

When was the NEP established?

A

1921 onwards

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194
Q

When was the Kronstadt rising?

A

March 1921

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195
Q

When was the final defeat of the Tambov revolt?

A

June 1921

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196
Q

What were some examples of state control?

A

nationalisation of Russia’s banks,
establishment of Vesenkha,
The establishment of GOELRO

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197
Q

What were the three main problems with state capitalism?

A

Many Bolsheviks didn’t want a ‘halfway house,’
Sharp drops in production after workers in control,
Peasants had control over grain price - state-controlled industries needed cheaper grain

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198
Q

What were the four main problems with conditions?

A

Falling industry production,
Fighting in countryside
Food shortages in cities
Disease and starvation

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199
Q

Why were factory supplies disrupted?

A

Workers left to join Red Army,

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200
Q

By how much did the urban proletariat population decline?

A

from 3.6 million to 1.4 million

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201
Q

Why did inflation rise?

A

drop in production, peasants stopped selling grain.

202
Q

Why were important agricultural regions lost?

A

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

203
Q

What was a major reason for food shortages?

A

Peasant hoarding

204
Q

What was the bread ration in Petrograd in early 1918?

A

50 grammes per person

205
Q

How many people died of starvation and disease?

A

5 million

206
Q

When was war communism introduced?

A

June 1918

207
Q

What were the 3 key features of war communism?

A

Nationalisation,
Grain requisitioning,
Labour discipline and rationing

208
Q

By when had businesses and factories been nationalised?

A

november 1920

209
Q

What was banned under nationalisation?

A

Private trade and manufacture

210
Q

What was set up in May 1918 to organise Grain requisitioning?

A

the Food Supplies Dictatorship

211
Q

What was a key feature of grain requisitioning due to opposition?

A

violent oppression through the Cheka

212
Q

Who lost all rights and freedoms by the 1917 Workers Control of Factories?

A

The Workers - Worker Soviets abolished

213
Q

how was strict discipline imposed on workers?

A

through fines for slackness, lateness and absenteeism

214
Q

What replaced wages?

A

ration-card books, factory workers got most - bourgeoisie the least

215
Q

Who were hit the worst in the countryside?

A

the Kulaks - had stock seized

216
Q

What was the percentage decrease of harvest yield 1921 compared to 1913?

A

48%

217
Q

What had Russia’s population decreased to?

A

170.9 million - 1913
130.9 million - 1921

218
Q

What was the % of industrial output compared to pre-war levels?

A

20%

219
Q

By how much had the population by decreased in Petrograd and Moscow compared to 1917?

A

57.5% - Petrograd
44.5% - Moscow

220
Q

Why did the party lack popular support?

A

Worsening conditions in cities and concern over policy

221
Q

What triggered the launch of the Red Terror?

A

The assassination attempt on Lenin in August 1918

222
Q

How did the Cheka respond to Lenin’s assassination attempt?

A

Round up Menshiviks, SRs, and other threats

223
Q

How many were executed after Lenin’s assassination attempt?

A

500,000

224
Q

Who else did the Red Terror target?

A

possible counter-revolutionaries - Bourgeoisie

225
Q

What was the Tambov revolt?

A

a series of peasant revolts, worst of which in the Tambov province.

226
Q

how many peasants rose up in August 1920 Tambov revolt?

A

70,000

227
Q

How many Red Army soldiers were used to crush the Tambov revolt?

A

100,000

228
Q

When was the Kronstadt rising?

A

March 1921

229
Q

How many Kronstadt sailors rebelled?

A

30,000

230
Q

How many rebels were imprisoned as a part of Kronstadt rising?

A

15,000

231
Q

Who set up the Workers Opposition group?

A

Shlyapnikov and Kollontai

232
Q

What did the Workers Opposition group oppose?

A

War Communism - thought it was becoming too authoritarian

233
Q

When was Gosplan established?

A

February 1921

234
Q

Where was the NEP introduced?

A

The Tenth Party Congress in March 1921

235
Q

Why did many Bolsheviks object to the NEP

A

it was an ideological step backwards

236
Q

What were the three main features of the NEP in the countryside?

A

Grain Requisitioning ended,
Ban on private trade ended,
Peasants could keep surplus produce,

237
Q

What were the three main features of the NEP in the cities?

A

State control of key large-scale industries, small-scale industries became private
Rationing ended
Industries had to pay workers out of profits

238
Q

How did private businesses respond to the NEP?

A

They reopened and grew quickly

239
Q

how did Agricultural production respond to the NEP?

A

Peasants grew more in order to earn more money

240
Q

Why did food prices drop?

A

So much food was grown - risked peasants hoarding grain again

241
Q

How was the ‘scissors crisis’ prevented?

A

Peasants’ quota became a money tax - peasants had to sell grain to pay tax

242
Q

Who were hated by the Bolsheviks, but helped the economy?

A

Nepmen - Private Traders

243
Q

What was the introduction of the NEP seen as by many bolsheviks?

A

seen as a retreat back to capitalism

244
Q

What was banned in 1921?

A

Ban on factions - could discuss policy but once finally decided disagreeing would mean expulsion

245
Q

Who were arrested on mass in 1921?

A

Menshiviks and SRs - been banned

246
Q

What was the Cheka renamed to in 1922?

A

GPU

247
Q

What was put under pressure by the GPU in 1922?

A

The Church - thousands of priests arrested

248
Q

What system was introduced in 1923 that made those that proved loyalty be approved for promotion?

A

nomenklatura

249
Q

What was nomenklatura?

A

a system where only those who showed complete loyalty to the Party would be considered for promotion

250
Q

Who felt betrayed by the Brest-Litovsk - March 1918

A

Britain and France

251
Q

What two groups had Russia been left out of?

A

Paris Peace Conference.
League of Nations

252
Q

What did Churchill say he’d do to Bolshevism following the Revolution in 1917?

A

“strangle Bolshevism in its cradle”

253
Q

What ended Russia’s diplomatic isolation?

A

the Treaty of Rapallo

254
Q

How did the British forces attack Russia during the Civil war?

A

Blockaded trade through Baltic sea,
attacked Murmansk

255
Q

How many US troops landed at Vladivostok?

A

11,000

256
Q

Why did Britain, France and USA initially want to help the whites?

A

to keep them in the war and stop Germany moving troops to western front

257
Q

When did the motive for foreign intervention change?

A

November 1918 - after ww1, ending Bolshevism

258
Q

What was the impact of foreign intervention?

A

too small-scale to have impact,
However Japanese invasion of eastern siveria - didn’t threaten Bolsheviks though,What

259
Q

What did the Bolsheviks claim about Foreign powers?

A

they had faced them and wonHow

260
Q

How did the west respond to losing the Civil War.

A

continued isolation of Russia, except for Britain in Nov 1920

261
Q

What was the Comintern?

A

an international communist organisation to spread Marxism and revolution

262
Q

When was the founding Congress of the Comintern?

A

march 1919

263
Q

What key issues were raised at the first Comintern meeting?

A

Lenin promoted soviet system as best way of spreading Marxism

264
Q

What key issues were raised at the second Comintern meeting?

A

Lenin’s 21 conditions; requirements to become a member of Comintern

265
Q

What was the reaction to Lenin’s 21 Conditions at the scond Comintern progress, July-August 1920?

A

Mixed - some broke away, however Bolshevik victory looked certain

266
Q

When was the Third Comintern Progress?

A

June-July 1921

267
Q

What was the key issue of the third comintern congress?

A

the Recovery of the bourgeoisie in Poland and Germany

268
Q

What were the reactions to the third comintern meeting?

A

dissapointed - Weimar Republic was ‘bourgeois-democratic’ - Russia left alone

269
Q

When were the first conflicts between Polish and Bolshevik forces?

A

1919

270
Q

Who did the Poles ally with in May 1920?

A

Ukrainians - to take Kiev

271
Q

When was the Treaty of Riga?

A

March 1921

272
Q

What was the Rapallo treaty?

A

Russia and German trade

273
Q

When was the Rapallo Treaty - what did it promote?

A

April 1922 - ‘Mutual Goodwill’ in commercial and economic relations

274
Q

When was the Zinoviev letter published?

A

Oct 1924

275
Q

What did it claim to be?

A

a letter from Zinoviev aimed at Labour government to raise a revolution in Britain

276
Q

What was the impact of the Zinoviev letter?

A

small impact on the election, however damaged Russia and Britains relations

277
Q

What were the positives and negatives about the October/November REvolution?

A

Lenin masterminded power,
However, power grab upset many

278
Q

What were the positives and negatives about the single-party rule

A

Lenin could enforce his will, strong leadership,
however rapidly increasing bureaucracy, ruthless repression

279
Q

What were the positives and negatives about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

Breathing space to consolidate power.
However enormous territorial losses for Russia - triggered Civil war

280
Q

What were the positives and negatives about War Communism

A

sacrificed everything - helped Red Army win war
However created wide famine - caused collapse in economy

281
Q

What were the positives and negatives about the NEP

A

helped stabilise economy and reduce food shortages,
However seen as a backwards step

282
Q

When did Lenin die?

A

January 1924

283
Q

How was the party in theory supposed to be controlled?

A

through collective leadership

284
Q

When was Stalin made General Secretary of the Party?

A

April 1922

285
Q

Who was in the Triumvirate, formed in May 1922

A

Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev

286
Q

When was Lenin’s testament suppressed at the Party Congress

A

May 1924

287
Q

What had Lenin introduced to dispell democracy?

A

the 1921 Ban on factions

288
Q

What had replaced the ‘power to the soviet’ idea by 1924?

A

a centralised control from the party

289
Q

What was a key issue with Leninist government by 1924?

A

had created a huge state bureauceracy, carrying out orderse from superiors

290
Q

When did Lenin write his 600-word testament?

A

December 1922

291
Q

What changes did he propose to the Central Committee?

A

double the members from 50 to 100

292
Q

Who did Lenin’s testament criticise?

A

everyone in the party - especially Stalin.

293
Q

Why did Lenin treat Stalin harshly?

A

Because he had been rude to Lenin’s wife - used brute force to supress Georgian independence

294
Q

Who did Lenin endorse as his successor?

A

Nobody

295
Q

Who wanted Lenin’s testament to be read at the Twelfth party congress?

A

Lenin’s wife - Nadezhda Krupskaya

296
Q

Who didn’t want Lenin’s testament to be read out?

A

Kamenev, Zinoviev and Stalin - as well as Trotsky

297
Q

Who initially seemed like the most likely person to succeed Lenin?

A

Trotsky - he played key roles in Bolshevik seizure of power and the Civil War

298
Q

What was the Triumvirate’s main goal?

A

to block Trotsky’s rise to power

299
Q

Who joined the left in 1924-25, to combat Stalin?

A

Zinoviev and Kamenev

300
Q

Who joined Stalin after the Triumvirate fell apart?

A

Bukharin - Stalin resented him due to his popularity

301
Q

Who opposed Bukharin?

A

Rykov and Tomsky

302
Q

What are the key strengths of Stalin?

A

General Secretary - could appoint supporters to key roles in the Party,
underestimated by opponents,
Placed himself close to Stalin,
Didn’t seem like a threat

303
Q

What was Stalin’s weaknesses?

A

Not prominent in Oct/Nov revolution or Civil War,
Seen as rude, crude and illeducated.
Seen as ‘a grey blur’
Others knew he’d fallen from Lenin’s favour

304
Q

What was Trotsky’s strengths?

A

Recognised as hero for Oct/Nov Rev + MRC.
War hero for Civil War
inspirational speaker and intellectual
known for formidable political skills

305
Q

Was was Trotsky’s weaknesses?

A

Arrogant and dismissive of less smart people,
indecisive and inconsistent,
feared by many Bolsheviks,
Didn’t try to build follower base,

306
Q

Strengths of Zinoviev?

A

An ‘Old Bolshevik’ - Lenin’s closest and most trusted assistant,
Had a strong Leningrad powerbase,
one of best speechmakers

307
Q

Weaknesses of Zinoviev?

A

opposed Lenin in Oct 1917 - briefly left party
vain and unpredictable
Underestimated Stalin.

308
Q

Strengths of Kamenev?

A

‘Old Bolshevik’ - close to Lenin,
Strong power base in Moscow,
Effective team player.

309
Q

Weaknesses of Kamenev?

A

Opposed Lenin in Oct 1917,
Viewed as Zinoviev side-kick
underestimated opponents

310
Q

Bukharin strengths?

A

Popular in party,
regared as best theoretician,
expert on economics and agriculture

311
Q

Bukharin weaknesses?

A

Cooperative - avoided in-fighting,
popularity made him target
underestimated Stalin,

312
Q

Rykov Strength?

A

‘Old Bolshevik’
Good administrator
supported by Sovnarkom - Deputy Chairman 1923, Chairman 1924

313
Q

Rykov weaknesses?

A

taxation on vodka unpopular,
opposed Lenin over timing of revolution,
Lacked power base

314
Q

Tomsky strengths?

A

respected in party as ‘Old Bolshevik’
Strong support base
Natural ally of moderates

315
Q

Tomsky weaknesses?

A

Hated Trotsky - couldn’t see Stalin threat
power base in trade union - Stalin resentment
support for NEP used against him - 1927 grain crisis

316
Q

When did Lenin introduce the NEP?

A

1921

317
Q

What did the left think about the NEP?

A

wanted to abandon it - state-controlled rapid industrialisation
‘squeesing’ the peasants

318
Q

What did Stalin think about the NEP

A

Attitude was inconsistent,
opposed the left and supported NEP
‘Great turn - replacing NEP with indutrialisation and collectivisation

319
Q

What did the Right think about the NEP?

A

believed it should continue, peasants becoming richer and state using taxes to fund industrialisation

320
Q

What had all Marxism-Leninist theories assume it was impossible to do?

A

survive as a single communist country - capitalism would strangle it at birth

321
Q

What did Bolsheviks think was essential for survival?

A

a chain reaction of other revolutions

322
Q

Where in Europe had revolutions been crushed?

A

Germany and Hungary

323
Q

Who believed in ‘Permanent revolution?’

A

Trotsky and the left

324
Q

What was the theory behind Permanent Revolution?

A

Believed the USSR couldn’t survive on its own,
encouraged revolution in other countries
Lenin had made this arguement

325
Q

Who believed in Socialism in One Country?

A

Stalin - developed the theory
referenced old Lenin article - show the world the positives behind socialism

326
Q

What argument did Stalin use to expel Trotsky/

A

his permanent revolution argument - against Lenin and dismissing potential of USSR

327
Q

When was Lenin’s funeral?

A

January 1924

328
Q

Who was absent at Lenin’s funeral, who took advantage of this?

A

Trotsky - Stalin organised and styled himself as disciple of Lenin

329
Q

When was Trotsky’s criticisms rejected at Party Congress

A

May 1924 - Stalin organised congress with own supporters - Trotsky voted down

330
Q

Who did Trotsky criticise in October 1924?

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev - for not backing Lenin in 1917

331
Q

What was the Duumvirate?

A

Stalin and Bukharin alliance on the right

332
Q

Who criticised Stalin at the 14th Party Congress Dec 1925?

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev - move to the right and supporting NEP

333
Q

Who was the united opposition?

A

Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky - Stalin accused of factionalism

334
Q

Who was expelled from the party in Nov 1927?

A

Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky

335
Q

What had begun in late 1927?

A

Grain procurement crisis - Stalin split from Bukharin - Grain requisitioning again

336
Q

How was Bukharin expelled from the party?

A

Nov 1929 - criticised Stalin, Stalins supporters agreed to remove him

337
Q

Who were Expelled from the party in Nov 1929?

A

Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky

338
Q

What happened to Zinoviev and Kamenev?

A

rejoined the party in 1928 - lost high positions in Politburo

339
Q

What happened to Trotsky?

A

Exiled to Kazakhstan - murdered in Mexico in 1940

340
Q

What happened to Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky?

A

initially allowed to stay in the partyWh

341
Q

Who was executed after show trials in late 1930s?

A

Bukharin, kamenev, Zinoviev and Rykov
Tomsky committed suicide before being put on trial

342
Q

What was the Great Turn?

A

a radical change in economic policy - rejected NEP

343
Q

When did the turn begin>

A

1925 - 14th Party Congress

344
Q

What did the Great turn mark the start of?

A

Stalinism

345
Q

What were the 4 main reasons for the Great Turn?

A

slow industrialisation,
Grain procurement crisis 1927-28
Ideological concerns about NEP
Stalins attitude

346
Q

How was slow industrialisation a reason for GT

A

NEP failing to produce grown expected
weaknesses in management needed addressing

347
Q

What was the Grain Procurement crisis 1927-28

A

1927-28 % of grain down by 25%
Party officials blamed peasants - grain hoarding

348
Q

What were the Ideological concerns about NEP

A

Impatient for ‘true communist ideology’
lost control over countryside - had to be regained

349
Q

What was Stalin’s changing attitude towards the NEP

A

felt secure enough to undo the NEP and push own policies?
saw it wasn’t working and looked for other options?

350
Q

When was the 1FYP launched?

A

1928

351
Q

How many years behind did Stalin say Russia was compared to the west?

A

50-100 years

352
Q

What did Stalin want to prepare for?

A

War with capitalist countries

353
Q

What did Stalin want to Achieve through the FYP?

A

Socialism in One Country - ROle model for rest of world
Assert own dominance over party

354
Q

Central planning in the 1FYP?

A

Gosplan - set targets for different sectors
Command economy - centralised approach to economy

355
Q

Rapid Industrial growth in the 1FYP?

A

production increase 300%?? 1928-1932
Heavy industry prioritised,
Light industry lower priority - still 100% increase

356
Q

What was Heavy industry?

A

Coal, Iron, steel, oil and machinery

357
Q

New industrial Centres - 1FYP

A

Thousands of new industrial centres

Magnitogorsk - the Steel city
175,000 by 1932 from nothing

358
Q

What was the 1FYP’s investment in infrastructure?

A

plan to increase electric supply and Railway

359
Q

Propaganda and discipline with 1FYP?

A

propaganda campaigns drove the FYP,
boards erected outside every factory showing targets
Threats of harsh punishment for motivation

360
Q

Ideology with the 1FYP?

A

Socialism could achieve what would seem impossible,
‘There are no fortresses the Bolsheviks cannot capture’ - Stalin 1931

361
Q

How did the 1FYP use foreign experts?

A

Industrial experts to work on trains,

362
Q

What is an example of Foreign experts used in 1FYP?

A

Magnitogorsk - Arthur McKee & Co.
American company trained Soviet engineers

363
Q

What were many members pleased to see a commitment to through the FYP?

A

a radical social change - no more NEP

364
Q

How did Propaganda have a significant impact with the FYP?

A

Urban workers hoped for better employment prospects and higher living standards

365
Q

Who were led to hope they would benefit from the FYP?

A

Many poor and ‘Middle peasants’ - further land reform and more modern methods

366
Q

How were some concerned about higher wages under the FYP?

A

skilled workers had more money - creating a class system?

367
Q

What caused the Grain procurement Crisis 1927-28?

A

poor harvests, with the low grain price

368
Q

What convinced Stalin that kulaks were responsible for hoarding grain?

A

the Urals and western Siberia - harvest generally good however grain was down

369
Q

What did Stalin close, replaced by the ‘Urals-Siberian method’

A

free markets

370
Q

What were the 4 main features of Stalinist government?

A

Bureaurcratic centralism,
divide and rule,
Continuing Lenin Legacy,
Fear,
Loyal supporters,

371
Q

What matched thhe central government control under Stalin

A

The control of the economy

372
Q

What did Party Leadership control?

A

key bureaucratic positions down to local level

373
Q

How did stalin divide and rule?

A

brought people into favour,
encouraged rivals to bring them down if too powerfulWh

374
Q

What is a good example of Stalins divide-and-rule approach?

A

Yezhov

375
Q

how did Stalin continue Lenin’s legacy?

A

positioned himself as Lenin’s heir and interpreter of Lenin’s wishes

376
Q

What was the GPU renamed to?

A

the OGPU in 1926Wh

377
Q

What permeated Stalins imposition of policies? what is an example of this?

A

Fear, collectivisation forced through secret police

378
Q

How was Stalin able to influence party officials?

A

could control who was where as General Secretary

379
Q

What was the Politburo filled with?

A

Stalins loyal supporters

380
Q

What did Stalin rely on to launch campaigns and enthusiasm?

A

Propaganda

381
Q

What is an example of the use of Propaganda?

A

FYP in 1928 - happy productive workers

382
Q

What was Stalins image developed as?

A

the ‘Great Helmsman’
‘Forward to socialism under the leadership of Great Stalin!’

383
Q

how did stalin boost the cult of lenin?

A

embalmed his corpse and on display - lenin treated like god

384
Q

What was stalins main aim in foreign affairs?

A

to keep the USSR safe

385
Q

Who were the USSR’s main representatives initially?

A

Chicherin and his deputy Litvinov

386
Q

What did Chicherin and Litvinov present the USSR as?

A

moderate diplomacy - keeping safe relations with foreign powers, especially germany

387
Q

What did Stalin believe to be diluting the appeal of communism?

A

Social democratic parties in Europe

388
Q

When did the Chinese Revolution overthrow the emperor?

A

October 1911

389
Q

Who supported the CCP, who wanted proleteriat revolution in China?

A

Trotsky

390
Q

Who did Stalin back instead of the CCP?

A

the Chinese GMD - nationalist party, worried communist china would be too unstable

391
Q

What happened after the GMD got in control of China?

A

Stalin urged the CCP to join, they refused and were violently suppressed.

392
Q

Who criticised Stalin for his actions over China?

A

Trotsky and the 1927 Party Congress

393
Q

When was the Rapallo treaty signed?

A

1922

394
Q

What was the Treaty of Berlin 1926?`

A

aimed to build a ‘trustful cooperation between German people and USSR

395
Q

What was an example of the articles from the Treaty of Berlin?

A

in 1926 btw
if they were attacked by 3rd party, they’d remain neutral.
economic boycott woudn’t be done.

396
Q

What was Stalin’s attitude to the Comintern before 1929?

A

low priority for Stalin - focused on internal affairs and Socialism in one country

397
Q

How did Stalin’s attitude to the Comintern change after 1929?

A

identified an all-out attack on anti-communist, social democratic parties

398
Q

How did the Comintern ready themselves for the fight against ‘social fascism’? (social democrats)

A

ensue all foreign communist parties became stricter
all communist parties followed USSR policy

399
Q

What could be seen as the reasons for Stalin’s change in approach to foreign policy?

A

attacking Bukharin who was opposed?
Stalin’s confidence at removing Trotsky
Stalin feared other power bases?

400
Q

When was Stalins ‘war against the kulaks’ speech?

A

1929

401
Q

When were peasants forced into collective farms?

A

December 1929

402
Q

When was the ‘Urals-Siberian Method’ expanded to all grain-producing regions in USSR?

A

May 1929

403
Q

Who opposed the Urals-Siberian Method?

A

Bukharin

404
Q

Who did Local Party officials call on to identify Kulaks?

A

poorer peasants - would get to use richer land

405
Q

How many party activists were sent to help dekulakisation?

A

25,000 in Nov 1929

406
Q

Who assisted the 25,000ers in dekulakisation?

A

local police, OGPU and Red Army

407
Q

How were people persuaded to join collective farms?

A

fear that they’d be called kulaks if not

408
Q

What % of farms were collectivised in 1929?

A

5%

409
Q

What percentage of peasant households were identified as kulaks?

A

15% - 150,000 deported to Siberia

410
Q

When did Stalin announce that 50% of farms had been collectivised?

A

March 1930

411
Q

Who did stalin blame for the violence of collectivisation?

A

the Party officials for their ‘overzealousness’
allowed brief return to voluntary collectivisation

412
Q

what % of households were collectivised after it was voluntary in Oct 1930?

A

only 20%

413
Q

When was collectivisation reinforced after the return to voluntary collectivisation?

A

after spring 1931

414
Q

When where all farms collectivised?

A

1941

415
Q

How did kolkhozes differ from sovkhozes in terms of land?

A

Kolkhozes - small individual farms combined
Sovkhoz - tsarist-era estates, ran by state

416
Q

What was the difference in K and S on who worked thee?

A

Kolkhoz - farms already existed, up to 75 families in a village
Sovkhoz - members recruited from landless labourers.

417
Q

how were kolkhoz members paid compared to sovkhoz?

A

kolkhoz - divided farm earnings by number of days contributed
Sovkhoz - classified as workers, paid a wage

418
Q

How private were Kolkhoz farms compared to Sovkhoz?

A

Kolkhoz - communal fields, small private plots
Sovkhoz - large-scale production, also small plots allowed

419
Q

What could be said about the farm quotas?

A

set to be low - so workers can be fed cheaply and make money off of exporting grain

420
Q

How were Kolkhozniks and Sovkhoz workers restricted from leaving?

A

internal passports - 1932

421
Q

When were Machine Tractor Stations (MTS) set up?

A

1931

422
Q

How many MTS per farm was there in 1940?

A

1 MTS : 40 farms

423
Q

How many tractors were around by the start of 1933?

A

75,000

424
Q

Who were stationed at MTS to help efficiency of farms?

A

Agronomists, vets, surveyors and technicians.

425
Q

What was a disadvantage around the efficience of MTS?

A

only improved efficiency in some areas due to machines only completely part of a process

426
Q

how did peasants oppose the process of collectivisation?

A

through killing livestock and destroying machines

427
Q

How did the armed forces respond to the unrest?

A

brutally - deporting those who resisted - maybe even burning villages

428
Q

How many people were deported as kulaks under stalin?

A

10 million.

429
Q

how were collective farms treated badly?

A

targets high, nothing if quotas not met.

430
Q

how many peasants migrated to towns and cities by 1939?

A

around 19 million

431
Q

How many people died of famine between 1932-1933?

A

6-8 million people.

432
Q

What was collectivisation a failure in accomplishing?

A

increasing agricultural productivityHo

433
Q

How far did livestock numbers fall due to peasant intervention?

A

25-30%

434
Q

How was collectivisation successful in achieving social aims for farming

A

Dekulakisations and collectivisation - farming under state control.
capitalism eradicated

435
Q

What % of peasant households were collectivised in 1941?

A

100%

436
Q

What did the urban population of the USSR increase to between 1922 and 1940?

A

from 22 million to 63 million

437
Q

how many people died due to famine?

A

6-8 million

438
Q

What did the grain exports increase to from 1928 to 1931?

A

30,000 to 5 million

439
Q

What provided stalins justification for the ‘Great Turn’?

A

the USSR succeeding in grain export aims

440
Q

What did stalin want to turn the industrail base of the Soviet Union into?

A

a ‘command economy’

441
Q

When was the first FYP launched?

A

1928

442
Q

When was second FYP launched?

A

1933

443
Q

What structure was finished by 1932?

A

Dnieprostroi Dam

444
Q

When did the emphasis shift on armaments production?

A

1936

445
Q

What was doubled in 1940?

A

Armament spending

446
Q

What was the third FYP interrupted by?

A

German invasion

447
Q

What did Gosplan organise?

A

the process of transformation of the industry

448
Q

What was the main job of Gosplan?

A

to set output targets for every sector

449
Q

What could be said about the Gosplan targets?

A

overly-ambitious - no reliable statistics

450
Q

Who competed for regions to be given more resources?

A

Regional party bosses

451
Q

What was the aim of the first FYP?

A

Develop heavy industry,
boost electricity,
double light industry

452
Q

How did the first FYP succeed?

A

electricity production tripled,
coal and iron doubled,
steel production increased by a third

453
Q

how did the first FYP fail?

A

failed extremely ambitious targets,
consumer industry neglected

454
Q

What was the main aims of the second FYP?

A

Continue growth of heavy industry,
Boost light industry,
Develop communications and engineering

455
Q

What new metals were mined for the first time - 2nd FYP

A

Copper and tinW

456
Q

What happened to steel output in the 2nd FYP?

A

it trebled,

457
Q

What happened to coal production in the 2nd FYP?

A

Coal production doubled

458
Q

What was the USSR self-sufficient in by 1937?

A

metal goods and machine tools

459
Q

What 2nd FYP failed to meet it’s target?

A

Oil production failed to meet target

460
Q

What happened to the quality of goods under the 2nd FYP?

A

quantity over quality mindset - quality decrease

461
Q

What did the 3rd FYP introduce?

A

rapid rearmament and transition to communism,

462
Q

What was developed under the 3rd FYP?

A

defence industries - T-34 Tank

463
Q

What happened to rearmament spending between 1938-1940?

A

spending doubled

464
Q

What happened to other areas due to the shift in 3rd FYP focus?

A

some areas stagnated,
oil - fuel crisis

465
Q

What was a fundamental problem with the FYP?

A

any criticism seen as treasonous - no improvement

466
Q

What was the Dnieprostroi Dam?

A

a hydroelectric dam over deepest Ukraine river,
one of the largest in the world at that time

467
Q

How was Dnieprostroi Dam’s output increased 5x?

A

second year plan - 5 extra generators

468
Q

When was the Dnieprostroi dam constructed?

A

1927-2932

469
Q

When was the Moscow Metro constructed?

A

1932-1937

470
Q

What did the Moscow Metro aim to showcase?

A

the achievements of a socialist state - fit with chandeliers, marble walls and intricate mosaics.

471
Q

When was the Moscow-Volga canal constructed?

A

1932-1937

472
Q

How long was the Moscow-Volga canal?

A

128km

473
Q

how many people died building the Moscow-Volga Canal?

A

22,000 - out of 200,000 prisoners

474
Q

How many people lived in Magnitogorsk?

A

150,000

475
Q

Who build the Komsomolsk shipyard?

A

Komsomol - Communist Youth Organisation

476
Q

Who helped design the Moscow Metro?

A

British specialists from the London underground

477
Q

Who advised the USSR on its car industry, training soviet engineers?

A

Henry Ford - designed car-plant at Gorky

478
Q

How many American engineers were given the ‘Order of the Red Banner of Labour’, what for?

A

6 American engineers - for their work on Dnieprostroi dame

479
Q

Who were Stakkhanovites?

A

workers who exceeded their targets

480
Q

Who were Stakhanovites named after??

A

Aleksei Stakhanov - a coal miner who exceeded mining target by loooads,

481
Q

What did Stakhanovites gain from working harder?

A

material benefits - mostly propander

482
Q

When was Stakhanov heroic effort reported to be fake?

A

1988

483
Q

What could happen to Managers if they failed their targets?

A

put on trial, arrested or even executed

484
Q

What was prevalent in the economic system?

A

bribery and corruption

485
Q

When were labor books introduced/

A

1938 - recorded employment, skills and discipline

486
Q

What could result in dismissal, eviction or loos of benefits?

A

Abenteeism or lateness - became a crime in 1940

487
Q

What acts were illegal for a worker?

A

striking, damaging machinery, or leaving work without permission

488
Q

What was introduced in 1931 that benefitted those who worked harder?

A

wage differentials.

489
Q

What % of the workforcec was female by 1940?

A

43% - state provided school, nursuries and clinics allowed women to work

490
Q

However, what % of wages did women earn compared to men in 1940?

A

40%

491
Q

When did the Stalin cult grow noticably?

A

After his 50th bitrhday in Dec 1929W

492
Q

When was the Stalin cult established?

A

1933 - height after ww2

493
Q

What was stallin described as?

A

an ‘all-knowing’ and ;universal genius’

494
Q

What was he known as leader?

A

the Great helmsman - knew how to lead the USSR

495
Q

Who was stalin percieved to be the successor to?

A

Marx and Lenin - bringing socialist enlightenment

496
Q

What title was Stalin given to symbolise him?

A

the ‘shining sun of humanity’

497
Q

How was Stalins portrayal as a true bolshevik?

A

Lived with no extravagance

498
Q

What was played upon by Stalin ‘cultists’?

A

his relation as being the heir of Lenin

499
Q

what forms of Propaganda was used ?

A

Paintings, art, sculptures, slogans - glorified Stalin
All books dedicated to him, acknowledged his genius

500
Q

Who else was associated with the cult?

A

Stalins inner circle- had cities and factories named after them

English lit paper (6 decks)

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