Russia AOS1: Key Events Flashcards
1
Q
Key Events
Emancipation Edict
A
- Released 1861
- Abolished serfdom
- Established the mir
- Village Commune
- Allowed for zemstvos
- Local Councils
- EE Worked by way of peasant land payments
2
Q
Key Events
Sergei Witte Industrial Reforms
A
- 1893-1903
- Aimed to:
- Attract foreign capital to invest in Russia
- Expand railway system to improve trade/export
- Improved Russia’s economy, brought stability
- Created terrible working conditions:
- 60h work days
- Women and children working underground
- 6 people per room
3
Q
Key Events
Bloody Sunday
A
- 7 January 1905
- Sympathy strikes after Putilov Steel Works sacked 5 men
- March of 110,000 led by Father Gapon
- Presented Petition, signed by 135,000
- Demolish the wall between yourself and the people, and let them govern the country in conjunction with yourself
- Ended with 200 killed, 800 wounded when soldiers fired on the crowd
4
Q
Key Events
Battle of Tsushima
A
- May 1905
- Destroyed Russian navy in 24h after travelling for 6 months
5
Q
Key Events
Mutiny on Potemkin
A
- July 1905
- Soldiers mutiny on battleship Potemkin in the Black Sea
6
Q
Key Events
Release of October Manifesto
A
- 17 October 1905
- In response to strikes that paralysed Russian economy during October
- Granted establishment of Duma
- Grant the population… freedom of conscience, speech, assemblies and associations
- Nicholas reluctant to release OM: Terrible decision
7
Q
Key Events
Release of Fundamental State Laws
A
- April 1907
- ‘No law can come into force without [the Tsar’s] consent’
- Asserted Tsars autocratic power
- Allowed for dismissal of 1st and 2nd Dumas
8
Q
Key Events
First and Second Duma
A
- 1906 and 1907
- Too radical for Nicholas:
- Constitution to limit the Tsar’s power
- Distribution of state, church and private land to the peasants
- Free education
- Nicholas dismisses them
9
Q
Key Events
Tsar Changes Electoral Laws
A
- 1907
- Changed proportion of votes
- 230 landowners votes = 125,000 industrial workers votes
- Allowed a more conservative Duma
10
Q
Key Events
Third and Fourth Duma
A
- 1907-1917
- Served their full terms
- Much more conservative
- Allowed Kerensky to ‘gain invaluable experience by being exposed to the inner workings of the government’ (Malone)
11
Q
Key Events
Stolypin’s Reforms
A
- Land Reform:
- Allowed for purchase of all royal and gov’t land: Peasant Land Bank
- Credit: Peasants had money to buy more land and equipment
- Social Reform:
- Proportional taxation
- Religious tolerance and freedom of conscience granted
- Compulsory primary education
- Industrial Reform:
- Night and underground labour banned for children, teens, and women
- Maximum working days shortened
- Increased Okhrana vigilance - ‘Stolypin’s Necktie’
12
Q
Key Events
Stolypin Assassinated
A
- October 1911
- Revolutionary oppressed under Stolypin’s regime
13
Q
Key Events
Increase in Strikes between 1910-1914
???
A
???
14
Q
Key Events
Lena Goldfields Massacre
A
- April 1912
- 200 strikers killed by police
- Unhappy with working conditions (16h working days)
15
Q
Key Events
Russia Enters WW1
A
- Russian/German tensions led to Germany’s declaration of War
- People prayed, shouted joyously, carried flags, and even bowed in reverence when the Tsar made public appearances
- War led to growing unrest - 4.7 times national expenditure of 1913 was used on war efforts
- 3 bullets per person per day
16
Q
Key Events
Tsar Nicholas becomes Commander of Army
A
- August 1915
- Replaced experienced Nickolai Nickolaevich
- Alexandra: his decision demonstrated true ‘master, proving yourself the Autocrat without whom Russia cannot exist’
- Rodzianko: ‘Your adoption of such a decision threatens Russia, yourself, and your dynasty with serious consequences’
- Literally and figuratively abandoned the people
17
Q
Key Events
Rasputin’s Rise to Power
A
- His supposed ability to heal Alexi’s haemophilia
- Exerted considerable influence through Alexandra
- Responsible for selection of:
- 4 PM’s
- 3 Ministers of War
- 6 Interior Ministers
18
Q
Key Events
Lead-up to February Revolution
A
- Okhrana: ‘the population is at present in a very troubled mood’
- Rodzianko: ‘I consider the state of the country to have become more critical and menacing than ever’
- Buchanan: an ‘abyss… lies ahead of you’
19
Q
Key Events
February Revolution
A
- 18 Feb-2 Mar 1917
- Strikes paralysed Petrograd for the days of the revolution
- Alexandra: ‘hooligan movement… all this will pass… if only the Duma will behave itself’
- Soldiers join the protesters: 26 Feb 1917
- Rodzianko: ‘The situation is serious… The capital is in a state of anarchy’
- Nicholas does nothing
- Provisional Gov’t formed
- Petrograd Soviet formed
20
Q
Key Events
Tsar Nicholas Abdicates
A
- 2 March 1917
- Provisional Gov’t formally declared
- Nicholas moves to return to Russia, but is blocked by army
- Abdicates in favour of his brother - not in favour of Alexi
21
Q
Key Events
Formation of Prov Gov’t
A
- 27 February 1917
- Formed from 4th Duma
22
Q
Key Events
Formation of Petrograd Soviet
A
- 28 February 1917
- City overwhelmingly belonged to protesters at this point
23
Q
Key Events
Soviet Order No. 1 Released
A
- 1 March 1917
- Any military orders given by Prov Gov’t ‘shall be executed only in such cases as they do not conflict with the orders and resolutions of the Soviet’
24
Q
Key Events
Lenin Returns
A
- Returns from Switzerland, with assistance of Germany who want Russia out of the War
- Finland station: 3 April 1917
- Peace, Land, Bread!
- All Power to the Soviets!
- Speaks against the Prov Gov’t, calls for Soviets to be in charge
25
# Key Events
Lenin Releases April Theses
* 4 April 1917
* 'No support for the Prov Gov't'
* 'It must be explained to the masses that the Soviet… [is] the only possible form of the revolutionary gov't'
26
# Key Events
June Offensive
* June 1917
* Prov Gov't attempt to increase morale in army
* Initial success; German nullify euphoria by killing 200,000
* Massive losses sustained by Russian Army
27
# Key Events
July Days
* July 1917
* Bolshevik public action gone wrong
* Bols blamed by Prov Gov't - bad public image for Bols
* Many Bols put in prison
* Trotsky joins the Bolsheviks, Lenin flees to Finland
* Significant victory for Prov Gov't, but a learning curve for the Bols
28
# Key Events
Kornilov Revolt
* August 1917
* Kornilov approaching Petrograd with his army
* Kerensky gets worried, gives guns to Soviet to defend
* Soviet/Bols seen as heroes, Prov Gov't seen as weak
* Increase in support for Bols
29
# Key Events
October Revolution
* October 1917
* Strategic takeover of Petrograd - Trotsky in charge of Military Revolutionary Committee organised the coup d'etat
* Went in through a back door
30
# Key Events
Bolsheviks Consolidate Power
* Over a period of 10 days Bolsheviks legitimise their take over
31
# Key Events
asdf
asdf
