Russia AOS1 Flashcards
When was the communist manifesto published, by who?
1848, Karl Marx
_______ will not forgive us if we don’t _______ now. Fill in the gaps and state the person who said the quote
History, take power. Vladimir Lenin
What is the main difference between Marxism and Marxist Leninism?
Marxist Leninism believe that you can force a revolution to happen by awakening class consciousness while Marxism believe a revolution must happen naturally. Marxism Leninism believe that you can skip stages such as capitalism and go straight from feudalism to communism. Marxist Leninism believe that professional revolutionaries must lead the Revolution.
When did the Edict of Emancipation happened and what was the effect of it?
1861, Serfdom abolished.
When did the famine crisis happen, how many people were killed?
1891, 400,000, mostly due to typhus and cholera
When was the Khodynka fields massacre?
18th May 1896
How many people were killed in the Khodynka fields massacre, what was the significance of it?
1300 were killed and 1300 injured. It damaged the Tsar’s reputation due to he did not went and visit the victim immediately after the tragedy happened.
When was the time of Witte’s industrial spurt
1893-1903
What was the achievements and limitations of Witte’s industrial spurt
Achievement is that he started to build the trans-Siberian railway, which improved Russian infrastructure. However, it failed to improved the livelihood of workers and peasants. Furthermore, it led to high interest rates, rising prices and indirect taxes to everyday goods.
What caused the Russo-Japanese war?
Rising influence of Russia in Manchuria caused the tension between Russia and Japan, Russia believed in their racial and religion superiority which can help them win against Japan and Russia seeking a victorious win to lower enthusiasm of revolution energy. Russia wanted to acquire a warm water port
When was the Russo Japanese war?
February 1904- August 1905
What was the losses of Russia in the Battle of Mukden?
90000 men lost
What was the loss of Russia in the Battle of Tsushima
11 Battleship, 7 cruisers and 7 destroyer
When was the treaty of Portsmouth? What does it consists of?
23 August 1905. Russia removing all of it’s military from Manchuria.
When did the sailors of Potemkin mutinied?
14 June 1905.
When was the date of Bloody Sunday and how many people were killed or injured?
9th January 1905, 200 people killed and 800 injured.
What nickname did Tsar Nicholas the second gain after bloody sunday?
Bloody Nicholas
What events triggered the 1905 revolution?
Russo-Japanese War, Bloody Sunday
When did the October manifesto published?
17/10/1905
What did the October manifesto consist of?
Promise of elections, legislative and elective parliament of duma was granted. Promise of civil freedom such as freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association.
When was fundamental law published?
23/04/1906
What was Article 86, Article 87 and Article 105 of Fundamental law representatively?
Article 86: New laws had to be approved by the Emperor.
Article 87: In extraordinary circumstances the state council could take legislative actions with approval of the Emperor.
Article 105: The Duma can be dissolved by decree of the Emperor.
How many days did the first Duma last?
73 days
When was the first duma formed and when was it dissolved?
27/04/1906 form
03/07/1906 disband
Why did the Tsar disband the first Duma?
The Dumas were not conservative like Tsar Nicholas hoped and they called for changes that were unacceptable to the Tsar.
When was the second duma formed and when did it disband?
Form: 20th February 1907
Disband: 3rd June 1907
Why did the Tsar disband the Second Duma?
Members of the Duma accused of plotting to overthrow tsarist regime.
When was the Electoral law change?
3rd June 1907
What are the changes Stolypin made to the electoral law in electoral law change?
Before: 2000 landowner, 90000 peasants or workers for one vote.
After: 230 landowner, 60000 peasants or 125000 workers for one vote.
What were the impacts of Stolypin’s electoral law change?
The Duma became more conservative after the electoral law change. For example, Octoberists gaining influence.
What is some of the reforms of Stolypin?
Allowed and encouraged peasants to leave their land commune which allowed to consolidate strip farm into larger piece of land. Allowed establishment of the land bank.
What is Stolypin’s guiding principle?
Suppression, and then, and only then, reform.
When was the Battle of Tannenburg and the Battle of Masurian Lakes?
Battle of Tannenberg: 13-17th August 1914
Battle of Masurian Lakes: 27th August-1st September 1914.
What was the result of Battle of Tannenburg and Battle of Masurian Lakes?
Battle of Tannenburg: 70000 Russian soldiers killed or wounded.
Battle of Masurian Lakes: 60000 Russian casualties.
Both huge defeats for Russia.
When was the Lena Goldfields massacre?
04/04/1912
How many casualties in the Lena Goldfields massacre?
500 workers were shot
What were the exact statistic of rifle shortage in the early stages of the WW1?
6.5 million men mobilized, 4.6 million rifle available.
When was the Brusilov offensive?
22 May-31 July 1916
What was the result of Brusilov offensive?
Defeat of Austria. 550000 Russian troops dead or wounded.
When did the progressive bloc form?
August 1915
Why did the progressive bloc form and what were their goals?
The war lead them became increasingly critical of government. The progressive bloc proposal included administrative and political reforms such as dismissal of incompetent ministers
When did Tsar Nicholas II goes to the front?
22 August 1915
What were the result of Nicholas going to the front?
Gets blamed on for military failures of Russia. Seen as abandoning his people in Petrograd.
Why did the Tsar family trust Rasputin so much?
Rasputin was able to heal Tsar Nicholas the Second’s only heir Alexei’s hemophilia
When did Tsar Nicholas abdicate?
2rd March 1917
What are the trigger which contributed to the outbreak of February revolution?
Women protesting about lack of food in International women’s day
What was Soviet Order No 1?
Soldiers of Petrograd garrison were obliged to follow the directives of the government only in such cases as they do not conflict with the orders and resolutions of the soviet.
What was the main slogan of Lenin’s April Theses?
‘Peace Bread Land’
‘All power to the Soviets.’
When was Lenin’s April Theses?
04/04/1917
When did the June Offensive start?
18th June 1917
What were the results of June offensive?
Germany advancing frontline by 230 km. 170000 soldiers fleeing frontlines
What was the direct trigger to the July days?
First Machine Gun Regiment refusing to be deployed at frontline to support June offensive.
What was the date of July days?
16th-20th July
What was the impact of July days?
Arrest of Bolshevik leaders, decrease in Bolshevik popularity.
When was the Kornilov affair?
19th August 1917
How did the Kornilov affair benefitted the Bolsheviks?
It made the imprisoned Bolshevik leaders got released. Bolsheviks were now armed and given out weapons. Bolsheviks gained popularity and were seen as savior of revolution.
When was the formation of the Milrevcom?
16th October 1917.
When Kerensky made his move against the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and how did he do that?
Kerensky ordered to shut the bridges in Petrograd linking working class districts to the rest of the city. Kerensky also shut down Bolshevik newspapers. It happened on 23rd October 1917.
When did the Bolshevik took back of bridges connecting the city and cut off communication in the October revolution?
24th October 1917.
When did the Bolshevik officially took over the Winter Palace?
26th October 1917
When was the Sovnarkon declared?
26th October 1917
When did the Bolshevik and Menshevik split?
1903
When was Kadets formed?
late 1905
When did the Octoberists form?
October 1905
When did the Social revolutionaries form?
1902
What was the main ideology of the Octoberists and what were its support base
They were loyal monarchists but believe in liberal ideas. Were most conservative of liberal parties. Supported by civic minded industrialists and large landowners.
What was the main ideology of the Kadets and what was their support base?
A constituent monarchy with democratic and constituent government. Supported by industrialists.
What was the main ideology of the SR and what were its support base?
Main ideology is to get rid of Tsarism and push for land redistribution, trade union rights, and 8 hour work day.
What was the ideology difference of Bolshevik and Menshevik?
Menshevik believe bourgeoise revolution must come before proletarian socialist revolution, however, Bolshevik believe that professional revolutionary can speed up the process of revolution.
What were the support base of Bolshevik and Menshevik?
Industrial workers.
“The 1905 revolution had destroyed the people’s loyalty to their “little father” the tsar.” Who stated this quote?
Stephan Smith
“1905 changed society for good” Who stated this quote?
Orlando Figgs.
“There is no God any longer. There is no Tsar.” Who said this quote under what circumstance?
Father Gapon. After Bloody Sunday.
“Our tactics, absolute distrust, no support for the provisional government” Who said this quote?
Vladimir Lenin.
“For the sake of the nation’s life, it is necessary to restore the army’s will to die!” Who said this quote?
Alexandra Kerensky, before June offensive.
“I conceive Russia as a landed state, of which the ____ is the Tsar, the _____ is the nobility, and the ____ are the peasantry.”-Tsar Nicholas the Second. Fill in the gaps
Proprietor, administrators, workers.
“We have been given a constitution, but absolutism remains.” Who stated this quote?
Leon Trotsky.
“No revolution in the past has absorbed such a mass of popular energy while yielding such minimal positive results.” Which revolution is Leon Trotsky commenting on?
1905 Revolution.
“I have no rifles, no shells, no boots.” Who said this quote?
Grand Duke Nikolai.
“The government did all it could to limit the power of the duma” Who said this quote?
David Christian
“The regime used the manifesto as a temporary concession… It had always intended to return to its old autocratic way once the danger had passed.” Who said this quote?
Orlando Figgs.
“It was as if the greatest empire of the world… were an ________ without organic unity, held together by ______, of all which converged to the person of the monarch.” –______. Fill in the Gaps
Artificial construction, barged wires, Richard Pipes.
“The country has everything it needs but cannot make adequate use of it.” Who said this quote, under what circumstances?
Mikhail Rodzianko. During WW1.
How many Russian warships were lost within 24 hours of the Battle of Tsushima?
27
During Ministerial leapfrog, how many Prime Minister, Minister of Education and Minister of War had been on the spot between September 1915 and February 1917?
4 Prime Minister, 4 minister of education and 3 war ministers
By 1917 rouble only had how much of its value due to inflation compared to 1913.
30%
Calorie intake of unskilled workers had fallen by how much and infant mortality had increased by how much compared to before war.
1/4 for the calorie intake, doubled for infant mortality.
By 1916, how much Russian people lived under German occupation
23 million
He defects as a ruler, especially as an autocratic and absolute ruler.” Who said this quote?
Sergei Witte
By September 1905, how many workers were on strike?
2.5 million
“The Lena shot broke the ice of silence, and the river of popular sentiment flows again.” Who said this quote?
Joseph Stalin
“Curse the Duma, it is all Witte’s fault.” Tsar Nicholas the Second. Why did Nicholas said this quote?
Witte advised him to publish the October manifesto and form the Duma.
By 1916, Petrograd and Moscow were only receiving how much of their usual food and fuel supplies.
1/3
Between August 1906 to April 1907, how much people were executed by Stolypin’s tribunals?
1144
How much peasants left mir to establish independent farms and how much accepted government support to migrate to Siberia in the Stolypin’s reform?
2 million left their mir, 3 million migrated to Siberia.
How many deputies from the 3rd duma are from the gentry?
60%
When did the 3rd Duma form and disband?
November 1907 form and June 1912 disband. It sat its full 5 year term.
Why did the Tsarina had such low popularity in Russia?
She was a German therefore was not welcomed in Russia.
When was Rasputin murdered?
16th December 1916
What is revolutionary populism?
Revolutionary propaganda would help to awaken the masses and through their influence lead to the liberation from Tsarist regime.
