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Russia Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Stolypin?

A

An early Duma who was unpopular due to Stolypin’s Necktie, in which he hanged all those who openly opposed the Tsar (more than 3,000)

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2
Q

What did Rasputin do in his free time?

A

He had a hedonistic lifestyle and often put his friends in front of his job, such as when employing ministers

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3
Q

Which materials in WW1 were in short supply for the Army?

A

Weapons, ammunition and boots

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4
Q

Why were there food shortages during WW1?

A

Less food produced due to shortage in horses and labour rate down due to more peasants called up to serve in army

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5
Q

What happen to industrialisation in WW1?

A

Lack of workers in industry caused factories to close and consumer goods, food and raw resources prices to go up

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6
Q

What were the constant issues of farming in Russia?

A

Lots of land unsuitable for agriculture as tundra and desert. Also, very backwards and old fashioned farming methods were used

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7
Q

Why was Russiafication important?

A

6 out of every 10 of those who lived in Russia had Russian as a foreign language, so leaders of Russia attempted to unify the country

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8
Q

What type of thing did Russiafication involve and what was its importance in the grand scheme of things?

A

Forced people to speak Russian, wear Russian clothes and follow Russian customs, which led to resentment towards leaders

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9
Q

Benefits of Orthodox church for the Tsar?

A

70% of Russians followed it, and it was closely linked to the Tsar and stated that he was chosen by god to rule

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10
Q

Negative impact of Orthodox church for Tsar?

A

Those who were not members of it resented the power and privilege of the church, and also the wealth of the church compared to the poverty of Russia

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11
Q

Apart from a complete banter lord, who was Sergei Witte?

A

Minister of Finance for many years, and attempted to modernise Russia’s economy and industrialisation by inviting foreign experts to help out

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12
Q

Why was Count Sergei Witte’s work important?

A

Russia was rich in minerals and oil, and for such a large country, it had not successfully industrialised so manufacturing output was very low

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13
Q

What was an issue always faced by those industrialising Russia?

A

The poor transport links

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14
Q

What was on the up in 1913?

A

Output of Ukrainian coal, oil in the Caucasus, growth in industry and the size of the middle class

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15
Q

What percentage of Russians were peasants before communism?

A

80%

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16
Q

What was domestic life like for the new town workers?

A

Conditions were squalid, food shortages were common and food was still poor quality when there was some

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17
Q

What was work like for town workers?

A

Working hours were long (11-16 hours a day) and trade unions were banned, with uprisings crushed so no better conditions could be reached. Poor wages

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18
Q

Size of Aristocrats compared to land owned?

A

1% of population, 25% of land

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19
Q

What happened on Bloody Sunday?

A

Father Gapon led 200,000 people to Tsar’s Winter Palace. With an absence of the tsar, soldiers panicked and fired into the crowd killing and wounding hundreds

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20
Q

What started the 1905 revolution?

A

The humiliating losses in the Russo-Japanese war as well as Bloody Sunday

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21
Q

What happened in the 1905 revolution?

A

Riots and protests throughout Russian cities, with no electricity at night, great food shortages, and a mutiny in the Navy

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22
Q

What was promised in the October manifesto?

A

End to censorship and a national Parliament called the Duma

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23
Q

How many different Dumas between 1906-14?

A

4

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24
Q

What happened in the strikes just before the war?

A

In 1912 200 strikers in the Lena goldfields were shot dead with hundreds injured, sparking strikes in urban areas such as St Petersburg in July 1914

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25
Q

What was the Social Democratic party?

A

A political party led in 1901 that followed Karl Marx’s teachings

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26
Q

What happened to the Social Democrats in 1903?

A

It split to the Lenin led Bolsheviks which believed in a small elite should lead a revolution, and the Trotsky led Mensheviks that believed in slow change from the masses

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27
Q

When did the Tsar go to the front line?

A

August 1915

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28
Q

What was a major issue of the Tsar going to the front line?

A

Left the hated Alexandra and Rasputin to run country, as thought of as German spies

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29
Q

What were there shortages of in Russia in WW1?

A

Boots, weapons, ammunition, raw materials such as coal, iron, steel

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30
Q

What were the effects of raw material shortages?

A

Factory closures, so long working hours for those with a job and also great unemployment

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31
Q

What was the major benefit and negative of the Tsar going to the front line?

A

It brought short term hope for soldiers and a morale boost, but all failures were blamed on Tsar

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32
Q

How many Russians died in WW1?

A

1,700,000

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33
Q

What is a damming statistic for the Tsar?

A

Russia has the worst casualty rate of 76% of all nations in WW1

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34
Q

What began in January 1917 and why?

A

Strikes in major cities, because food shortages and people began to demand it

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35
Q

Which event led to the growth of strikes in Petrograd in February 1917?

A

The soldiers garrisoned at Petrograd mutinied and took the side of the demonstrators

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36
Q

How many strikers were there in Petrograd before the abdication of the Tsar?

A

300,000

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37
Q

When did the Tsar abdicate?

A

2nd of March

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38
Q

When was Soviet Order Number 1 issued?

A

1st of March

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39
Q

What did Soviet Order Number 1 do to the power of officers?

A

Removed their power and made sure that soldiers never give their weapons to the officers. Also removed honorific titles for them and abolished off-duty saluting

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40
Q

What happened to the authority of Battalions?

A

Those who were elected by the soldiers to the Petrograd Soviet had authority

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41
Q

When did the Provisional Committee rename itself to the Provisional Government and became responsible for running the country?

A

3rd of March

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42
Q

What did the Provisional Government promise?

A

Reforms, and an elected Constitutional Assembly

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43
Q

Why did people immediately resent the Provisional Government?

A

It was not a truly elected body and did not represent the people of Russia as most members were middle class or aristocrats, so peasants did not see it as a change

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44
Q

Who was the Prime Minister of the Provisional Government?

A

Prince Lvov, a wealthy aristocrat

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45
Q

Who were the Provisional Government ministers?

A

Leader of Cadets and Foreign minister Milyukov
Leader of Octobrists and War minister Guchkov
Social Revolutionary and Justice minister Kerensky

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46
Q

How was the war a problem for the new Provisional Government ?

A

There were still defeats, soldiers deserting and then setting up soviets in Russian towns and cities

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47
Q

How did the people create problems for the Provisional Government?

A

Peasants looted property of landlords, desired an end to food shortages, and some minorities thought there might be a chance of independence (Poles, Finns)

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48
Q

Who was in the Petrograd Soviet in early March?

A

3,000 members, including Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks

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49
Q

What did the Provisional Government symbolise for the Petrograd Soviet which made them happy?

A

It was seen as the bourgeois phase of Karl Marx’s plan before the workers revolution where the soviet would rule

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50
Q

What brought the PG and PS together?

A

They both met in the same building in Petrograd, the Tauride Palace

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51
Q

How did the PG and PS differ in their ideas of war?

A

Soviets only wanted to fight until Germany pushed out of Russia, but Government wanted to help allies till a German defeat?

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52
Q

How did the PG and PS differ in their ideas of land redistribution?

A

Soviets wanted land redistributed among peasants, but as many members of the Government were land owners they disagreed

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53
Q

Who incited the start of the June Offensive?

A

Kerensky

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54
Q

What was the June Offensive’s effect on peasant’s views of the Provisional Government and why?

A

It made the peasants hate the PG even more as 60,000 died

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55
Q

What was the June Offensive’s effect on the nobilities views of the Provisional Government and why?

A

It made the nobility dislike the PG even more, as the offensive failed to reclaim land and when soldiers returned home they seized land from the nobility

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56
Q

Who supported the June Offensive?

A

Kerensky, who visited troops to get the offensive into action and persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and Stalin and Kamenev that it was a good idea

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57
Q

What id Germany do in April 1917 that irritated the Provisional Government?

A

Sent exiled revolutionaries back to Russia in an attempt to stir up rebellion. Lenin was one of them

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58
Q

Why was Kerensky so good at his job?

A

He was a good orator, a member of both of PG and the PV and desired change?

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59
Q

What changes did Kerensky make while Justice minister for peoples rights?

A

Equal rights for women, freedom of speech and religion, universal suffrage, amnesty for political prisoners

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60
Q

What changes did Kerensky make for workers lives?

A

Recognition of trade unions, 8 hour working day for industrial workers

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61
Q

How did Kerensky remove censorship?

A

Secret police abolished

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62
Q

What did Lenin think of war?

A

He hated WW1 and hated the fact that some Bolsheviks supported it. he wanted the chaos in Russia to end with peace

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63
Q

What did the April Theses say about the peasants?

A

Power had to move from middle to working classes. All land to peasants

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64
Q

What did the April Theses say about war?

A

It had to end

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65
Q

What did the April These say about the system in place at the time?

A

The police, army and bureaucracy should be abolished. Capitalist system should be overthrown by the workers

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66
Q

Which parts of society need to be nationalised according to Lenin?

A

Banks, factories and transport

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67
Q

What did the April These say about the soviets?

A

All power to the soviets, but Bolsheviks should take control to get aims

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68
Q

How did the Bolsheviks spread the word mainly before they came to power?

A

By having more than 40 newspapers spread the word

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69
Q

How did the Red Guard grow to 10,000 armed workers in Petrograd and grow in size around Russia?

A

Deserters from the army turned to the Bolsheviks

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70
Q

What allowed the July Days to occur in the short term?

A

A flood of soldiers back from the disintegrating Austrian Front, as well as an increase of Bolshevik support

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71
Q

What happened in the July Days?

A

In 3 days deserted soldiers and the Bolshevik Red Guard attempted and failed to overthrow the PG, with 400 killed and injured

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72
Q

How did Kerensky control the July Days?

A

He brought in loyal troops to quash the rebels, and then claimed the Bolsheviks should be arrested and called them German spies, which led to them going into hiding

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73
Q

Where did the Bolsheviks backing money come from?

A

Germany, in an attempt to destabilise the country, and wealthy Americans

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74
Q

How did Kerensky become very powerful in Russian politics?

A

Good oratory skills helped win over many peasants and workers, as well as closing down the Pravda and making good reforms as Justice minister

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75
Q

What did Kerensky become in the political sphere?

A

Vice-Chairman of Petrograd Soviet, then within the Provisional Government first Justice Minister, then War Minister, then Prime Minster after July Days, then Commander in Chief after Kornilov Revolt

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76
Q

Where was Lenin exiled to after the July days and what did he do while there?

A

He was sent to Finland, and there he controlled the Bolsheviks

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77
Q

How did Lenin’s beliefs change about peasant during his time in Finland and why?

A

He agreed with peasants land seizures and encouraged them even more, which won over much of the countryside to his cause

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78
Q

Which 3 slogans did the Bolsheviks pick up after the July Days?

A

‘Land to the peasants’ and ‘Peace, land and bread’ and ‘All power to the soviets’

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79
Q

Were soldiers pro or against war and how did the Bolsheviks use this?

A

Soldiers were against the continuation of war, so the Bolsheviks took up an anti-war stance as attracted many soldiers as they were peasants in uniform mainly

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80
Q

What happened in September 1917 that showed the Provisional Government were not in control?

A

The Kornilov Revolt

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81
Q

What were Kornilov’s aims and why?

A

He wished to set up a military dictatorship, as the Supreme Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces as he did not agree with the Petrograd Soviet’s desire to end the war

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82
Q

What did Kerensky do during the Kornilov Revolt?

A

He armed the Red Guard

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83
Q

What did the Red Guard do during the Kornilov Revolt?

A

They persuaded many of the soldiers of the revolt to desert

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84
Q

Apart from the Red Guard, what helped the fail of the coup d’état?

A

Printers stopped printing pro Kornilov Revolt newspapers, and railway workers stopped Kornilov’s troops from entering Petrograd

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85
Q

What happened to the Army after the Kornilov Revolt?

A

Without a Commander in Chief, the morale of the army sank even lower, with higher desertion rates and officers still being murdered

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86
Q

What was the importance for the Bolsheviks coming to power in the Kornilov Revolt?

A

It provided weapons for the Red Guard, and also showed that the Bolsheviks had protected Petrograd, so many in urban areas not just in Petrograd joined them

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87
Q

What did Lenin have control over which helped the Bolshevik ascension to power?

A

The Red Guard, and the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets

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88
Q

What forced Lenin’s hand into the Revolution?

A

Kerensky’s setting of the date of the elections of the Constituent Assembly, and his removal of the 2 Bolshevik newspapers and attempted rounding up of Bolshevik leaders

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89
Q

What were the numbers of membership in the Bolsheviks in February and in October?

A

From 24,000 to 340,000

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90
Q

When did Lenin return from Finland?

A

7th of October

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91
Q

Who disagreed with Lenin about an October uprising and what did they do?

A

Kamenev and Zinoviev published their objections in a newspaper, alerting Kerensky and infuriating Lenin

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92
Q

Why did Trotsky go from being a Menshevik to a Bolshevik?

A

He didn’t like the way Mensheviks were supporting the Provisional Government

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93
Q

Which jobs did Trotsky have in the Bolsheviks before the October Revolution?

A

Chairman of Petrograd Soviet and the dominant member of the 3 man Military Revolutionary Committee of the Soviets

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94
Q

What made the Military Revolutionary Committee so effective?

A

It had control of 20,000 Red Guards, 60,000 Baltic Sailors and 150,000 soldiers of the Petrograd Garrison

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95
Q

What did Trotsky do during October 1917 and where?

A

Worked tirelessly in the Smolny Institute (a former girls school) to plan seizures of key Provisional Government buildings

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96
Q

During October 1917 how did the Bolsheviks change their Red Guard?

A

Reduce their street skirmishes and massive demonstrations to focus on the revolution. They began to rely on small, disciplined units of soldiers and workers

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97
Q

When was the October Revolution?

A

The night of the 24th of October

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98
Q

What did the Red Guard do at the beginning of the Bolshevik Revolution?

A

Captured key stations such as telegraph offices and railway stations. Also set up roadblocks around Petrograd’s bridges and around the Winter Palace

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99
Q

What was Kerensky able, and unable to do during the October Revolution?

A

He was able to slip away but was unable to raise troops to help

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100
Q

How did the navy help in the October Revolution?

A

The cruiser Aurora sailed up the River Neva and fired its guns, before pointing it’s guns towards the Winter Palace

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101
Q

Who are the Amazons and what did they and the cadets do during the October Revolution?

A

The Amazons where a female battalion who guarded the Provisional Government. They and the cadets surrendered, dooming the Provisional Government

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102
Q

What happened to the members of the Provisional Government after the October Revolution?

A

Some were able to slip away, the rest were arrested

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103
Q

After the October Revolution, what was the Bolshevik led government called and then changed to?

A

The All-Russia Congress of Soviets, led by Bolsheviks with 390/650 seats became the all-Bolshevik membership Council of People’s Commissars

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104
Q

Why were the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries unhappy with the Bolshevik take over?

A

It was not a Soviet take over of power

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105
Q

Who was Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin in the Council of People’s Commissars?

A

Lenin was the head of the Government, Stalin was Commissar for Nationalities, Trotsky was Commissar for Foreign Affairs

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106
Q

What did Lenin persuade his party to stand for which other parties did not?

A

The end of the war

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107
Q

What did Lenin believe in when it came to taking power which other parties did not?

A

He believed a workers revolution was possible soon, unlike those who thought there had to be a bourgeois revolution first

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108
Q

Why were Lenin’s slogan particularly good?

A

They were simple, so easily understood by normal people. They also focussed on key issues affecting all

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109
Q

What personal traits did Lenin have which helped the Bolshevik rise to power?

A

Great orator and had tremendous energy and vitality and good commitment to the party

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110
Q

What did Lenin persuade the General Committee to do in the short term which allowed a Bolshevik take over?

A

He persuaded them that a they should seize power, as without him they wouldn’t had

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111
Q

Which 4 general factors allowed a Bolshevik take over?

A

Role of Lenin, weakness of Provisional Government, Bolshevik control of armed forces, lack of alternatives

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112
Q

Which armed force did Trotsky site as particularly useful and why?

A

The Petrograd Garrison, as it did not side with the Provisional Government but the Bolsheviks

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113
Q

Which 2 things did other political parties do that meant they could not gain support in 1917?

A

They did not show clear leadership, and wanted the continuation of the war

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114
Q

What did the Bolsheviks do to cause a higher rate of desertion in the army?

A

Sent in left wing agitators

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115
Q

What is the name of the Bolshevik government that was formed when the party had full control?

A

The Sovnarkom

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116
Q

What changes to workers lives did Lenin make in the December Decrees?

A

Factories placed under control of elected committees of workers

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117
Q

What changes to politics Lenin make in the December Decrees?

A

Cheka set up and the main liberal party-The Constitutional Democratic Party-was banned

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118
Q

What changes to bankers lives did Lenin make in the December Decrees?

A

All banks became under Sovnarkom control

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119
Q

What changes to marriages did Lenin make in the December Decrees?

A

Couples made to have non-religious marriages and divorce was made easier

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120
Q

Where was the Cheka set up and how did Lenin treat it?

A

It was set up in Lubyanka in Moscow, but had soviets set up all across Russia and Lenin gave it unlimited powers as it answered directly to him

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121
Q

Who did the Cheka target in the jurisdiction of the Government?

A

Civil or military servicemen suspected of working for Imperial Russia, families of Army officers, any clergy

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122
Q

Who in the general public did the Cheka target?

A

Workers or peasants suspected of not supporting the Soviet Government, those with private property valued greater than 10,000 roubles

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123
Q

Who led the Cheka and how did it treat deserters of the army?

A

Dzerzhinsky led the Cheka who shot deserters

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124
Q

Why was the Red Terror started?

A

An assassination attempt of Lenin

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125
Q

What did the Red Terror involve?

A

The removal of 50,000 people who criticised the government and other political parties

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126
Q

What did the Red Terror create and why was this important?

A

A sense of fear and terror across Russia and in the government, which allowed the Bolsheviks to keep control of the country

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127
Q

Who won the November 1917 Constituent Assembly?

A

The Social Revolutionaries

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128
Q

How did Lenin justify to the public the dissolving of the Constituent Assembly?

A

By saying there were Soviets in place already in a Pravda article

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129
Q

What in the short term meant that Lenin had to dissolve the Constituent Assembly?

A

The Bolsheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries plan to limit the powers of the Assembly where defeated

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130
Q

How quickly did Lenin remove the Constituent Assembly and how?

A

Within 24 hours of its first meeting, Red Guards stormed the Tauride Palace killing or injuring 100 demonstrators outside who wished the Assembly to remain and preventing elected deputies entering the Assembly

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131
Q

Why was Lenin so quick to end WW1?

A

He saw how it destroyed Tsarism and the Provisional Government, and did not wish to make the same mistakes. Also, if he was to keep the support of soldiers he must end the war

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132
Q

When did peace talks begin with Germany?

A

3rd of December 1917

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133
Q

Who was Russia representative during the Armistice talks?

A

Foreign Affairs Commissar Trotsky

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134
Q

What did Trotsky do during the talks and why?

A

He prolonged the talks, as he felt the workers in central Europe were on the brink of revolution, which would end the war and make peace talks more fair

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135
Q

Why did Trotsky leave and then come back to the peace talks?

A

Germany’s demands were so great he left, but Lenin forced him to return because if the war continued the Bolsheviks may have lost power

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136
Q

Why did Lenin take peace in February 1917?

A

Lenin’s greatest fear of the Bolsheviks being overthrown was coming close as the German Army advanced on Petrograd

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137
Q

Why did Trotsky carry on with his ‘no war no peace’ talks?

A

He had seen the dreadful state of the Russian army on the way to the talks

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138
Q

What did Trotsky do at the end of the talks?

A

He abstained on the vote and did not go to the final meeting

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139
Q

When was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed?

A

3rd of March 1918

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140
Q

How large a space of land and how many people were lost in the TOBL?

A

1 million square kilometres of land was lost containing 50 million people

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141
Q

What pieces of land did Germany and Turkey gain?

A

Germany got Poland and the Baltics, Turkey gained the Caucasus region

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142
Q

Who gained independence in the TOBL?

A

Ukraine and Georgia

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143
Q

What percentage of Russia’s iron ore and coal did it lose?

A

74%

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144
Q

How expensive were reparations?

A

3 billion roubles

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145
Q

Who criticised Lenin for the signing of the TOBL?

A

Many Bolsheviks, including Bukharin, and the Socialist Revolutionaries

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146
Q

What gamble did Lenin take when signing the TOBL?

A

That in the end Germany would be defeated

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147
Q

What was Lenin unable to fix after the October Revolution which was most unpopular?

A

The food shortages and starvation, especially in towns and cities

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148
Q

What were the 3 general causes of the food shortages in Russia?

A

Problems of distribution, inflation and production

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149
Q

What were Russia’s distribution issues after the October Revolution causing food shortages?

A

The railway system had virtually collapsed as no fuel was available, so it was unable to cope with transporting food to cities

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150
Q

What were Russia’s inflation issues after the October Revolution causing food shortages?

A

Money was not used by peasants as it was worthless, so grain was used to fatten cattle, make vodka, or grain was sold it on the black market

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151
Q

What were Russia’s production issues after the October Revolution causing food shortages?

A

Ukraine had become independent so Russia had lost it’s biggest wheat supplier. In 1918 grain supplies were 13 million tonnes short of the countries needs

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152
Q

What were the international implications of Russia’s problems?

A

There were no investors due to weak economy and inflation. Also, countries unwilling to trade, and Russia lost its big export of natural resources

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153
Q

What happened in Petrograd in 1918?

A

There was a mass exodus from the city of 2 to 3 million people as rations were at their worst

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154
Q

Before the Civil War, which violent group opposed the Bolsheviks and what slogan did they follow?

A

The Black Guard, following the slogan ‘loot the looters’ went around the countryside and cities taking over buildings owned by the rich. Shut down in April 1918

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155
Q

What did the Black Guard do?

A

They went around the countryside and cities taking over buildings owned by the rich, including 25 Muscovite palaces

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156
Q

What happened to the Black Guard in the end?

A

The Red Guar surrounded their houses in Moscow and destroyed their headquarters

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157
Q

What did the Socialist Revolutionaries do in 1918?

A

Driven from government for not signing TOBL and then carried out terrorist activities against Bolsheviks, including 2 assassination attempts on Lenin

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158
Q

Why did Lenin bring in War Communism?

A

To keep the soldiers of the Army supplied

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159
Q

What was the attempt and failure of War Communism?

A

It attempted to deal with food shortages but made the situation worse

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160
Q

What were the nobilities opposition to the Decree on Land and on Titles?

A

Their land was seized and they lost their privileged positions

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161
Q

What were the opposition to the Decree on Banking and on press?

A

Bankers and industrialists lost their wealth and political parties were now under censorship

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162
Q

What did the dissolving of the Constituent Assembly cause?

A

Other political parties to dislike, and have a good reason to dislike, the Bolsheviks, and joined the Whites

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163
Q

What did the signing of the TOBL cause in terms of opposition?

A

Nationalist Russians of all walks of life came together against the Bolsheviks and joined the Whites

164
Q

Who were the Czech Legion?

A

A group of 42,000 soldiers who volunteered to fight on the side of the Russians to gain independence from Austria-Hungary

165
Q

What were the allies plans for the Czech Legion?

A

To transport them across Russia on the Trans-Siberian railway to Vladivostok and the by ship to the Western Front with USA where they could attempt to from Czechoslovakia

166
Q

What happened to the Czech Legion that caused the to revolt?

A

As they moved along the railway slowly, they got into skirmishes with other groups. This caused Trotsky to order the Legion to be disarmed and arrested. The Legion disagreed and revolted

167
Q

What happened to the Czech Legion after they revolted?

A

They were furious as some of them had been arrested by local soviets, so took control of the entire Trans-Siberian railway by September

168
Q

Why was the Czech Legion Revolt important?

A

It was the short term reason for the start of the Civil War

169
Q

Who were in the Whites?

A

Tsarists, nationalists, nobles and those who were well off before communism. Also liberal and socialists who wanted the Bolsheviks removed and a Constituent Assembly in place

170
Q

Why was the Whites size a weakness?

A

Many facets of the group disagreed on the final plan, with some wanting the restoration of the Tsar and the Socialist Revolutionaries wanting a Constituent Assembly

171
Q

Where did the Whites get military help from?

A

Ex-Tsarist officers and Generals such as Denkin

172
Q

Which 2 general groups of people where in the Greens?

A

Peasants and national minorities

173
Q

Why did peasants oppose the Bolsheviks and the Whites?

A

They wanted the end of War Communism and not a Tsar back in place

174
Q

What did peasants do in the Greens?

A

They formed armies, or groups of bandits who looting and raiding neighbours

175
Q

What did the national minorities do and who were they?

A

They were Georgians or Ukrainians or Finnish, who saw the weakness of the Bolsheviks as a means of independence

176
Q

How did the national minorities in the Greens fight and what is an example?

A

They used guerrilla tactics such as the ones used by Nestor Makhno in Ukraine

177
Q

Why were there Foreign Powers in Russia from Europe?

A

They wanted to set up an Eastern Front but by the time they got there the war was over. They only stayed to guard Russian munition dumps in northern ports

178
Q

Who were the Foreign Powers and what were their overall aims?

A

France, UK, USA and Japan all wanted to stop the spread of communism

179
Q

Why were many unhappy with Russia apart from the spread of communism?

A

They withdrew from the war when signing the TOBL and the Bolsheviks cancelled payments of all loans given to Russia by the Allies

180
Q

What actions could you do in the Red Army to get yourself shot?

A

Inciting retreat, desertion, not fufilling an order, throwing away a rifle or selling it, or harbouring deserters

181
Q

Where did General Yudenich attack from and with who?

A

He attacked from the north-west with British support

182
Q

Where did General Deniken attack from and with who?

A

He attacked from the south with the French

183
Q

Where did Admiral Kolchak attack from and with who?

A

He attacked from the east with the British

184
Q

Why were the Czech Legion such a large issue for the Red Army?

A

They were well trained and good soldiers, and were able to control the Trans-Siberian Railway from Simbirsk to Vladivostok

185
Q

Who was blamed for the Czech revolt?

A

Trotsky, by Stalin mainly

186
Q

Who led the Czech Legion?

A

Kerensky, possibly

187
Q

What caused the Romanovs to move to Ekaterinburg?

A

Czech Legion was within striking distance of Tobolsk, where they originally were being held

188
Q

What did the British do in the northern ports?

A

They seized them and set up Social Revolutionary governments there

189
Q

What was set up in Ufa in September 1918?

A

In September an organisation called the Directory was set up, whose sole aim was to defeat the Bolsheviks

190
Q

What happened in the Directory in November 1918?

A

In November the Social Revolutionaries were kicked out and the former tsarist officers put Kolchak at the head of the organisation

191
Q

Who recognised the Ufa Directorate?

A

The allies and the Czech Legion

192
Q

What financed the Ufa Directorate and the Whites army?

A

Former Tsar gold held in Kazan raided by the Czech Legion

193
Q

What did Kolchak do in early 1919?

A

Went on an offensive from the East, taking Perm and then getting to the Volga

194
Q

What was Kolchak’s big mistake?

A

He stopped at the Volga when he could have carried on to Moscow with the British and take the city

195
Q

How many men did Deniken have, and what was included in his army?

A

150,000 men which included many Cossacks from the southerly Don region of Russia

196
Q

Where was Deniken’s army in the Summer of 1918?

A

Tsaritsyn, besieging it

197
Q

What happened at Tsaritsyn (Volgograd)?

A

Deniken was unable to take the city, as it was successfully defended under Stalin

198
Q

Why were the events at Tsaritsyn important?

A

It meant the southerly and easterly White armies could not meet each other and it protected grain supplies

199
Q

What did Deniken do in 1919?

A

He launched another offensive that got within 320km of Moscow

200
Q

What happened to Deniken’s 1919 assault?

A

It was driven back to Crimea by a Trotsky led counter attack. Deniken was then replaced by Wrangel who held out till November 1920 and the evacuated by the allies

201
Q

How many men did General Yudenich have, and where did it go?

A

With his 15,000 men and the support of Estonian troops he got to the outskirts of Petrograd

202
Q

What was the failure of Yudenich?

A

He was unable to secure the Petrograd railway, so massive Red Army reinforcements were able to turn up

203
Q

What caused the failure of the attack that was not in Yudenich’s hands?

A

The Bolsheviks promised independence for the Estonians, so they pulled out of the war. Without the Estonian support, Yudenich dissolved his army in mid-1920

204
Q

How many men did Kolchak have, and who was he supported by?

A

He had 150,000 men, and the support of the British and Czech Legions

205
Q

What happened to Kolchak and his army in the end?

A

He was driven back by counter-attacks by the Red Army and then captured and shot

206
Q

What caused the failure of Kolchak, possibly the strongest army?

A

The counter-attacks of the Reds where determined and they quarrelled with the Czechs

207
Q

Where did Miller attack from and with who?

A

He attacked from the North with the British

208
Q

Who is Miller?

A

A General in the Tsarist days who fled to the north in a Bolshevik take over. He then named himself the Governor General of Northern Russia

209
Q

What did Miller do in 1919?

A

He launched an attack from the north along the Dvina which was unsuccessful so the British pulled out

210
Q

Where did Britain attack from in the Civil War?

A

From the south, in Transcaucasia, and the Baltic and Black Sea, also parts of Central Asia, and from the north in Archangel and Murmansk

211
Q

What made the British Northern Russia Expeditionary Force (NREF) not very effective?

A

It was comprised mostly of men not fit enough to fight in France

212
Q

Why did France hate Russia?

A

French investors poured millions of francs into Russia, and then the Bolsheviks nationalised foreign-owned businesses without compensation losing them millions

213
Q

Where did the French attack from?

A

The south, in Odessa (where they set up a major Black Sea Naval Base) and into Ukraine

214
Q

What happened to the French forces?

A

They became confused by the struggle between the Whites, the Communists and the Ukrainian nationalists. They left in early 1919 after doing very little

215
Q

Why did the Japanese join the Civil War?

A

To make land grabs in Siberia, rather than fight against the Bolsheviks

216
Q

Why did the USA join the war in 2 general reasons?

A

Fear of spread of communism and fear of spread of Japan

217
Q

Where did USA place its forces?

A

Siberia and Archangel

218
Q

When it came to leadership, what was the main difference between the Bolsheviks and their opposition?

A

The Bolsheviks had 1 leader, Trotsky, while the opposition had many Generals

219
Q

What did the Reds have control of that helped in the transport of troops compared to the Whites?

A

The Reds had control of the railways in the centre of Russia

220
Q

Which 2 major cities did the Bolsheviks control throughout the war?

A

Petrograd and Moscow

221
Q

Which policy did the Bolsheviks use in the war to save themselves?

A

Centralisation, of the capital to Moscow and only keeping hold of the centre pieces of land

222
Q

What did Trotsky become in March 1918 by Lenin?

A

Commissar for War

223
Q

What helped Trotsky increase the size of the Army?

A

Conscription

224
Q

What changes did Trotsky make to the structure of the Army?

A

He removed the elected soldiers committees and replaced them with officers, often from the Tsarist regime who knew their job well and wanted pay

225
Q

How did Trotsky ensure the Tsarist’s officers loyalty?

A

He kept their families hostage

226
Q

What other change did Trotsky make to the officer selection?

A

He promoted talented soldier to officer status who would go on to do great things, unachievable in nobility dominated times

227
Q

What did each Red army unit receive in the Civil War?

A

Political Commissar who kept an eye on officers and kept them in check

228
Q

What brought back military discipline to the Red Army?

A

The restoration of the death penalty for a multitude of offenses

229
Q

Where did Trotsky spend much of his time in the war?

A

At the front line, inspiring troops where the fighting was fiercest

230
Q

What example shows Trotsky’s unwillingness to give up?

A

When he decided to save Petrograd from Yudenich when Lenin had written off the city

231
Q

How many Red Army troops were there in 1920 and why was it preferable to be in the army?

A

The 5 million troops had often a better life as of War Communism which supplied supplies and food to the men

232
Q

What happened when a towns supply of workers ran out?

A

Peasant were conscripted instead

233
Q

What did peasants in the army do?

A

Often they deserted at harvest time, taking their equipment with them. They also took part in uprisings and many joined the Greens

234
Q

Even in War Communism, what began to happen at the end of the war?

A

There were shortages of supplies and boots were few and far between. Trotsky’s train contained fresh supplies for morale however

235
Q

Was discipline always good in the Red Army?

A

No, there was frequent indiscipline with some full-scale mutinies where officers were murdered and new ones elected

236
Q

Where were the Tsar and his family moved to by Kerensky and why?

A

They were moved from the Royal Palace at Tsarskoye Selo and to Tobolsk in Siberia, as the palace was close to Petrograd and the Royals were so unpopular it was feared they would be attacked

237
Q

Who ordered the killing of the Royal family?

A

Lenin

238
Q

Why was the killing of the Royal family important for the Bolsheviks?

A

The Whites were getting close to Ekaterinburg and if the family fell into White hands it would provide an even greater focal point for the opponents of the Bolsheviks

239
Q

What did the pairing of Lenin and Trotsky provide for the Reds?

A

Centralised and unified leadership

240
Q

Why was Lenin so successful and useful in the war, for the Bolsheviks?

A

He was an inspirational figure, and a ruthless one as well

241
Q

What made Lenin seem a ruthless man in the Civil War?

A

Introduction of War Communism and use of the Cheka

242
Q

What was put in place for factory workers during the Civil War?

A

Sever discipline and strict rationing, with most food going for soldiers

243
Q

What did Trotsky do overall in the Civil War?

A

Inspire and rally men and organise the Red Army, calling the shots

244
Q

Which decisions did Trotsky make during his leadership of the Red Army which were great?

A

He defended the Reds internal lines of communication and railways lines strongly, so the strongest battles where often at rail depots. He also stopped the Whites the opportunity to concentrate large forces in 1 location

245
Q

Where did the Reds move the capital to in the Civil War and why?

A

They moved it to Moscow as it was more central and has the best rail links for moving soldiers around

246
Q

When it came to recruiting, why was centralisation during the Civil War important?

A

Most of the population was in the centre of the country

247
Q

Why was centralisation important for military production in the Civil War?

A

Russia’s main armament factories were in the centre of the country, and also movement of raw materials was easier due to train links

248
Q

What set of weapons fell into the hands of the Reds which helped them a lot?

A

The stores of the Tsarist army and his old arsenal containing 2.2 million rifles

249
Q

Which decree led to the most support from the peasants for the Reds?

A

The decree on Land

250
Q

What did the Whites do which drove the peasants away?

A

Restored land back to landlords (some of which did not own the land before) and practised ethnic cleansing in the south with Cossacks

251
Q

When it came to a cause, how did the Reds better the Whites?

A

The Reds had a single simple cause of upholding the events of the October Revolution, so received better dedication from soldiers than from the Whites who had many end outcomes

252
Q

When was War Communism introduced?

A

Mid-1918

253
Q

What was the economic situation in Russia in 1918?

A

Peasants wanted to keep land they had been given but not sell food they grew, so prices increased rapidly. Also there was inflation as the bank was allowed to print as much money as required

254
Q

What was banned under war communism and what was put in place to replace it?

A

Private trading was banned, so grain requisitioning (and a black market) was put in place

255
Q

What did grain requisitioning entail?

A

Squads going into the countryside to seize excess food from peasants, including the seed crop sometimes

256
Q

How was the food issues dealt with in the cities?

A

Rationing was strictly put in place

257
Q

What happened to certain factories under War Communism?

A

Factories with more than 10 workers were controlled by the Vesenkha who told them how much to produce

258
Q

Who were the ‘tight fisted’ peasants?

A

Kulaks, or those who held an excess of grain

259
Q

What did Lenin do with the Kulaks?

A

He tried to turn peasants against the kulaks but due to the tight knit communities many were unwilling to grass up kulaks

260
Q

What was the result of war communism, felt in 1920 and 1921?

A

Extreme famine

261
Q

What did many unhappy peasants do to the Reds due to war communism?

A

They set up opposition groups to the anti-kulak policy, and drove away those who came to requisition their wheat

262
Q

Which 3 things were the Cheka responsible for mainly?

A

Law and order and control of political opposition

263
Q

How many people were killed by the Cheka by the end of the Civil War?

A

200,000

264
Q

How did the Cheka create a climate of fear?

A

By doing awful things to opposition and spreading stories of the events

265
Q

Name some of the horrors the Cheka did

A

Remove skin from hands like a glove, scalping, barrel of nails, severing bones with a saw, impaling monks and burning them at the stake

266
Q

Which 2 policies did the Whites fight for which were opposite so weakened them?

A

Monarchism or republicanism

267
Q

How were White Generals relationships?

A

They disliked and did not trust one another, with many being suspicious of Kolchak’s aims

268
Q

What did a lack of co-ordination allow for Trotsky?

A

It allowed Trotsky to be able to take on each army at a time rather than a collected front

269
Q

What were the Whites issues with transport and conscription?

A

There was poor rail coverage in areas they owned, as well as them being thinly populated so difficult to recruit large armies

270
Q

How did nationalist groups fail the Whites and why?

A

The Whites wanted Russia to return to pre-1917 borders so those who wanted independence as a small break-off country felt antagonised

271
Q

What were the issues with the British and French in helping the Whites?

A

There was only lukewarm support with many unwilling to fight. French ships mutinied

272
Q

What were the issues with the Japanese in helping the Whites?

A

They were more interested in making land grabs than fighting against the Reds

273
Q

How did White leaders treat their men?

A

Cruelly, and with contempt as well so soldiers were unwilling to fight

274
Q

How did the foreign powers help the Reds?

A

They created a propaganda opportunity, that the Reds were the defenders of Russia soil

275
Q

How did White leaders live their lives?

A

With high levels of corruption, often living in brothels and drinking and taking drugs

276
Q

What was the success of War Communism?

A

It supplied the Red Army well

277
Q

How many people died in the 1921 famine?

A

7 million

278
Q

What were the effects of War Communism?

A

Peasants created less food, led to famine, led to international aid given to Russia

279
Q

After the Civil War, were was the main source of opposition and why?

A

The countryside from peasants, as war communism had not been stopped

280
Q

What was food like for workers in cities after the Civil War?

A

Inadequate rations, and often no food at all

281
Q

What were labour laws like in the cities after the Civil War?

A

Very strict with long hours and the death penalty for striking

282
Q

What happened to populations in cities during war communism?

A

Populations shrunk, with 70% of Petrograd moving out to the countryside to find food

283
Q

What opposition group was created by the peasants against the policies of war communism?

A

The Workers Opposition

284
Q

What was the winter of 1920-21 like and what did this cause?

A

The winter was harsh, so bread rations were cut by a third, so people demonstrated against the cuts

285
Q

When was the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

March 1921

286
Q

What did the Kronstadt sailors want?

A

Elections to be held, freedom of speech and assembly and removal of political prisoners

287
Q

What did the Bolsheviks do in reaction to the Kronstadt Mutiny?

A

They put it down with 60,000 Red Guard members

288
Q

What did the NEP do about grain requisitioning?

A

It was removed, so while some crop had to be given to the government, the rest could be sold for profit

289
Q

What was the short term reason for the creation of the NEP?

A

The severity and danger of the Kronstadt Mutiny

290
Q

How did Lenin attempt to increase food production of farmers?

A

When they increased production they paid less tax

291
Q

What happened to private trade in the NEP and what was the effect?

A

It was allowed, so goods could flow more easily

292
Q

What happened to money and rationing?

A

Rationing was abolished and there was a new rouble put in place

293
Q

What changes to nationalisation of factories were made in the NEP?

A

Factories with fewer than 20 workers were handed back to their owners

294
Q

What did the Sovnarkom keep hold of in the NEP?

A

Key industries such as oil and coal, as well as transport and banking

295
Q

What was the main reason for the NEP?

A

To meet Russia’s urgent need for food

296
Q

What did the NEP allow?

A

Russia a little breathing space

297
Q

What were communists main opposition to the NEP?

A

It was betraying them and returning to capitalism

298
Q

What new source of power was advocated in Russia in the NEP and why?

A

Electrification of Russia was seen as a good way to achieve economic growth

299
Q

What did the NEP advocate in trade-terms?

A

As well as the ban lifted on private trade, international trade from foreign countries was also improved

300
Q

What changes were made to allow electrification and foreign trade?

A

Power stations were built, as well as large scale exchanges of western industrial goods for Russian oil and wheat

301
Q

What did a Nepman do?

A

They bought produce from farmers and sold the produce at the cities for a higher price

302
Q

What impact did the NEP have in 1921?

A

Caused food to be in cities, growth in trade, shops and cafes reopened and Nepmen to appear

303
Q

How much did grain and factory output rise by between 1920 and 1923?

A

23% increase in grain production and 200% increase in factory output

304
Q

How much of trade was held by Nepmen in 1923 and how many of them were there in Moscow?

A

3/4 of retail trade was handled by Nepmen with there being about 25,000 private traders in Moscow in 1923

305
Q

What changes to the lives of peasants were there in 1923 due to the NEP?

A

Peasants traded between villages in handicrafts, and peasants began to trade with Kulaks becoming a thing due to little interference in land managing

306
Q

What increased in 1924?

A

Grain harvest, steel production, factory output, rail freight weight carry and average monthly wage for an urban worker

307
Q

What were the 4 main benefits of the NEP?

A

Food shortages disappeared, peasants cultivated more land, industry increased and livestock increased

308
Q

What did the NEP encourage and why (negatives)?

A

Corruption as people now wanted money, and crime as taxes on gambling in Moscow enabled the government to prosper

309
Q

What were Nepmen and Kulaks akin to which irritated communists?

A

Capitalists

310
Q

What large economic issue did the NEP cause?

A

The scissor crisis

311
Q

What was the scissor crisis?

A

Where industrial prices increase as their supply was still behind demand, so agricultural peasants produced more to buy these industrial products, which decreased the price of the agricultural goods

312
Q

What did Lenin do in 1921 in attempt to secure control of Russia?

A

Re-establish boundaries of the Soviet state

313
Q

What did Lenin create in 1922?

A

The USSR

314
Q

What was the USSR?

A

Many different republics under 1 banner

315
Q

What did the USSR allow?

A

Having many republics under communist control, but having each republic have its own government

316
Q

What were the 2 chambers of Congress?

A

Congress of Soviets and Congress of Republics, which constituted a national parliament

317
Q

What was the communist party called?

A

The CPSU

318
Q

What was the leading decision making body in the government and how many members were there?

A

The Politburo had 7-9 members

319
Q

What was below the Politburo and how many members were there in it?

A

The central committee had 30-40 members

320
Q

What did the Central Committee do?

A

Made some decisions but not the major policy changes

321
Q

What was below the Central Committee?

A

The Congress

322
Q

What did the Congress do?

A

Debated and voted on main policies

323
Q

What happened to the Congress after 1921?

A

Lenin’s ban on factions meant that when the Central Committee agreed on something Congress had to as well

324
Q

Why did people join the communist party?

A

There were benefits and possibly a job

325
Q

Which group lead the government and how many members were in it?

A

The Sovnarkom contained 15-20 members including Lenin

326
Q

Where were members of the Sovnarkom selected by?

A

The Central Executive Committee

327
Q

What was the Central Executive Committee’s job and who elected it?

A

The Central Executive Committee had to organise the government administration, and it was elected by the Congress of Soviets

328
Q

How often did the Congress of Soviets meet and what was it made up of?

A

Twice a year the delegates from the city and provincial soviets met

329
Q

What did the Congress of Soviets have?

A

The supreme law making authority

330
Q

Who was below the Congress of Soviets?

A

Local and district soviets

331
Q

What was the Comintern?

A

An international congress of revolutionary socialists

332
Q

When and where and how many members were in the first Comintern?

A

In 1919 35 groups met in Moscow

333
Q

Who were the 35 groups at the Comintern?

A

Workers from all countries which were appealed to support the Soviet regime in any way

334
Q

When was the second Comintern and how many countries were there?

A

In 1920 41 countries met

335
Q

What did Lenin issue to the members of the Comintern and why?

A

He issued a 21 point programme with the attempt to ensure support of all communist parties under his control

336
Q

What happened in Germany and Hungary due to the Comintern?

A

There were uprisings but they failed

337
Q

Did all members at the Comintern get along?

A

No, some resisted control from Moscow

338
Q

What foreign effect did the Comintern have?

A

It increased opposition from other countries

339
Q

What did the 21 point programme entail?

A

All parties had to be structured according to Leninist principles of central control and discipline if a country wanted to be a member of the Comintern

340
Q

What was Centralisation?

A

A one party dictatorship where a single centre government controlled all aspects of life

341
Q

What was the Vesenkha?

A

The supreme economic council

342
Q

When was the Cheka set up?

A

In 1918

343
Q

What was foreign trade like in Russia between 1918-1922?

A

During the Civil War there was no foreign trade but after it the British and Russians made a deal

344
Q

How much education did Russia give its people?

A

9 years of free education

345
Q

What rule was schools under?

A

Commissariat for Enlightenment

346
Q

What type of history was compulsory?

A

Teaching about the revolution

347
Q

What type of education was introduced under communism?

A

Practical education focusing on technical subjects and industrial training

348
Q

What changes did teachers have to their lives under communism?

A

They had less authority and were not allowed to enforce discipline or homework

349
Q

What was the NEP’s effect on education?

A

It meant that no money could be spent on it, so universal education had to be abandoned by 1923

350
Q

Which 2 youth groups were set up in 1923?

A

Pioneers and Komsomol

351
Q

Who was in Pioneers and what did it entail?

A

Children under than 15 took part in Scout-like activities such as camping

352
Q

Who was in Komsomol?

A

Those aged 15-early 20s

353
Q

What did Komsomol do?

A

Spread propaganda in towns and villages

354
Q

What was expected of Komsomol members in the future?

A

They were expected to become party members

355
Q

What was the name for the department of culture and who led it?

A

The Commissariat of Public Enlightenment was headed by Anatoly Lunacharsky

356
Q

How did the art of Russia change under Lunacharsky?

A

From high art of the privileged classes to mass appeal activities, where workers were encouraged to make their own culture

357
Q

What was the policy of workers art?

A

Prolekult

358
Q

What did Prolekult entail?

A

Closures of libraries, art galleries and opera and ballet events, as it was seen as bourgeois

359
Q

What was art used as?

A

Propaganda to promote communism

360
Q

What was set up to get workers into the arts?

A

Studios, poetry circles and exhibitions

361
Q

What new style of art was introduced in Russia under Communism?

A

Avant-garde style

362
Q

What type of art did Lenin like and what group did he support due to that?

A

He didn’t understand avant-garde art and preferred works from the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia

363
Q

What style of work was created by the Revolutionary Russian artists?

A

Heroic, or Socialist Realism, where workers were depicted as happy and victorious

364
Q

Why did Lenin like Socialist Realism?

A

The bad side of life was never shown and the message of revolution was understood by all

365
Q

What changes to writers lives was made under communism?

A

All works were to be approved by the Government and positively depict communism. However in the 1920s this was not always fully achieved

366
Q

What were Bolsheviks religious beliefs and who did they pray to?

A

They were atheists so Lenin told them to pray to electricity rather than god

367
Q

What anti-Church law was brought in in 1918?

A

Decree on Separation of Church and State

368
Q

What did the Decree of Separation of Church and State entail?

A

The Church could not own property or teach RE in schools

369
Q

Which anti-god group was set up in 1921?

A

Union of Militant Godless

370
Q

What did the Union of Militant Godless do?

A

Held debates on god to prove he doesn’t exist

371
Q

What did Lenin do to Churches after 1923?

A

He forced them to surrender their valuables by using local soviets as a force

372
Q

Which department had the job of stabilising unrest?

A

Commissariat of Popular Enlightenment

373
Q

What did the Commissariat for Popular Enlightenment do?

A

Used propaganda and censorship to stop unrest. Banned newspapers not overtly-Bolshevik and deported writers and scholars

374
Q

Which group allowed for full censorship in Russia under Communism?

A

The Main Administration for the Affairs of Literature and Publishing Houses

375
Q

What did Lenin want around cities as propaganda?

A

Statues of Marx and Engels, fathers of Communism

376
Q

How was cinema used as propaganda?

A

It projected a clear message to the audience, and special trains were used to show the films

377
Q

What did Agitprop do?

A

Set up stage plays, created pamphlets and other art forms to show a political message

378
Q

Which group was set up to create films in the 1920s?

A

Proletkino

379
Q

Which 2 big events were propaganda tools for the Russians?

A

May Day and the Re-enactment of the storming of the Winter Palace where 10,000 people took part

380
Q

What did posters look like under communism?

A

They had simple slogans and were visual, and included a notice that removing the poster was a counter-revolutionary act

381
Q

How did employment for women change under communism?

A

Many were employed during the war, but when soldiers were demobilized less women were needed so they were returned to textiles work and the home

382
Q

What did the Bolsheviks think of traditional female roles?

A

They were wrong as women were seen as slaves under men

383
Q

How was marriage changed under communism?

A

Divorce was made easier, and civil marriages were encouraged over religious ones

384
Q

How was birth changed in Russia under communism?

A

Maternity leave was guaranteed before and after birth and abortion was legal in all state hospitals

385
Q

What was the main issue with the new divorce laws?

A

Divorce rates were the highest in Europe, and many women were left single and pregnant

386
Q

What was the female branch of the government called?

A

The Zhenotdel

387
Q

What was good and bad about the Zhenotdel?

A

It was far in advance of most European countries however it focussed on social services and education rather than political involvement

388
Q

What percentage of women were in the party by 1928?

A

12%

389
Q

Who shot Lenin, when and why?

A

Dora Kaplan shot Lenin on the 30th of August 1918 as she believed he was a traitor to the revolutionary cause

390
Q

When did Lenin have his strokes?

A

1922-Leaving him paralysed on his right side, December 1922-Stalin takes control of his welfare and 1923-Confined to a wheelchair

391
Q

Who did Lenin want to lead the party after his death and were was this shown?

A

All 5 of Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin were to lead according to Lenin’s potential testament

392
Q

What was Lenin’s issues with Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin?

A

Zinoviev and Kamenev were not committed to the 1917 revolution and Bukharin was not a true Marxist

393
Q

What was Lenin’s issues with Trotsky and Stalin?

A

He felt Trotsky was drawn to administrative jobs and never finished his plans, and that Stalin was too powerful as General Secretary

394
Q

What was Lenin’s opinion of Stalin in 1923?

A

He thought that Stalin had too much power, disliked his manner with people and wished for him to be removed from his post

395
Q

Why did Lenin dislike Stalin?

A

He was rude, Lenin was horrified that Stalin’s men had beaten up another Bolshevik leader in Georgia and Stalin and Lenin’s wives disagreed, with Lenin never getting an apology

396
Q

How did Stalin stop Lenin’s testament to be known by everyone?

A

He used Kamenev and Zinoviev to prevent it being announced to the whole party

397
Q

What did Stalin do at Lenin’s funeral?

A

He planned it, he was the chief mourner, gave the oration and told Trotsky the wrong date for the event

398
Q

What did Trotsky think about Stalin which helped Stalin come to power?

A

They underestimated him as a dull administrator

399
Q

What was Trotsky seen as by the party and why?

A

An outsider as he was a Menshevik up to 1917 and had a Jewish background

400
Q

What role did Stalin have in 1923?

A

General Secretary of the Communist Party

401
Q

How did Stalin use his role as General Secretary to come to power?

A

He appointed officials who he knew would support him, and removed Trotsky supporters, building up a power base of people who were indebted to him

402
Q

How did Stalin build up an image of being closer to Lenin than Trotsky?

A

He was the main mourner at his funeral and planned the event, edited Trotsky out of photos and published photos with him at Lenin’s side, as well as using his place in the Pravda

403
Q

How did Stalin beat his other non-Trotsky rivals?

A

By playing them off each other and isolating them against Trotsky

404
Q

Which key tactical mistake did Trotsky make after the Civil War?

A

He resigned as leader of the Red Army

405
Q

Which 2 policies of the future of communism split Trotsky and Stalin?

A

Trotsky wanted World Communism, while Stalin wanted Socialism in One Country which the public preferred

GCSE (7 decks)

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