russia

Question 1

society

Answer 1

• autocratic, unequal,
• ruled by Tsar, rule enforced by secret police (okhrana)
• most people earned the bare minimum
• economy based around farming

Question 2

Russian social structure

Answer 2

• Ruling class (tsars) → the nobility (upper class) → middle class (civil servants) → working class (factories, craftspeople) → kulaks (wealthy peasants) → peasants (landless surfs)

Question 3

the Romonov Dynasty

Answer 3

• The House of Romanov was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917.
• tsars

Question 4

Tsarist political structures

Answer 4

• autoratic (government in which one person possesses unlimited power)

Question 5

bureaucracy

Answer 5

• a system of government in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Question 6

provincial govenment

Answer 6

• The intention of the provisional government was the organization of elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly and its convention.
• The provisional government lasted approximately eight months, and ceased to exist when the Bolsheviks gained power after the October Revolution in October

Question 7

russian orthodox church

Answer 7

• the Russian Orthodox Church has a thousand-year history of strong political as well as spiritual influence over the inhabitants of the Russian state.
• Founded: 988 AD

Question 8

okhrana

Answer 8

• The Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order, usually called Guard Department and commonly abbreviated in modern sources as Okhrana was a secret-police force of the Russian Empire
• Formed 1881 - Dissolved 1917

Question 9

geography

Answer 9

• 1900 spanned one 6th of the globe
• diverse terrain (rich farmland, grassy steepe (dry) and frozen tundra
• 125 million people over 120 languages

Question 10

pressures on the russian state

Answer 10

• internal
  - inefective military and econemy structure
  - famine (1890s) volga region due to weather
  - terrorism, assanation of alexander II 13/03/1881 StP
  - Political dissent- autocracy, ethnic and regional autonomy, class issues
  - Vast territory
  - ethnic and language groups.
  - Communication and transport
  - Stagnant Economy- agricultural based and underdeveloped
• external
  - French Revolution 1780s
  - The French under Napoleon (1800-1815); invades regularly (burns Moscow).
  - Crimean War (1853-56), against the British/French and Ottoman.
  - Marxism- The Communist Manifesto (1848 in London) political ideology about class struggles
  - 1905 Russo-Japanese war (defeat)

Question 11

moderniseation and industrialiseation

Answer 11

• The Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917 were, in many respects, a consequence of Russian industrialisation.
• A period of reform in the late 1800s, led by the policies of Sergei Witte, produced rapid industrialisation across Russia
• this caused a-lot of issues

Question 12

agricultural russia

Answer 12

• russia rich in land, natural resouces & economic oppotunities
• 1800’s europe-russia trading relations
• mostly grain and timber
• industrial pojects were created but opposed
• russias main industires included mining, steel and oil
• small scale industrial sector compared to france & britian
• defeat in crimean war exposed lack of industrialiseation (factories couldnt produce weapons or machenery to match enemies)
• most industrial tech came from the west
• war also exposed railway system was terrible ad insurriciant to move stock, people and equiptment

Question 13

Alexander II’s reforms

Answer 13

• early 1860s
• stimulate change in econemy
• relases surfs was moe then just socail it was also to stiulate more efficiant farming methoods adn agruculture profdivtuvity.
• this created the kulaks (owned land and livestock and macherney but still classed as peasents)
• it still failed to largley contribute to russias econiomic development

Question 14

segi witte reforms

Answer 14

• 1880s
• alexander II govenment started many infestructue (railways ect)
• 1889 sergi was put in charge of the trans-siberian railway
• 1892 he became minister for transport, communication and finance
• he finds a need for capital investment which made it easy for forigners to invest in russian infestructure
• ## currency reform 1897 (he moved rouble to gold standard strength and stabalised it impoving forgign exchange)

Question 15

the great spurt

Answer 15

• late 1890s reforms had visibly changed russian economy
• large amounts of forign capital (france and britain) had funded new factories mostly in st petersberg
• 1900 most factories were forgin owned
• 4th largest steel producer in the world and 2nd laegest patrolium producer
• new ailways alowed transpirt into the rural places
• trans-siberian railway created projects like lena river goldmines
• economy had progressed moe in the last decade the poiviosu centuy
• it sdevlopent was dubbed as the great spurt

Question 16

problems in the cities

Answer 16

• eveyone began to move to the cities
• this became problematic for the tsarist regime
• factories dew thoudsands of peasents
• not quipt for rapid growth (created social problems = creation of new social class the industrial proletariat)
• early 1800s only mocow and st perterberg had 100,000 residents by 1910 12 cities had this size

Question 17

workers conditions

Answer 17

• this growth wasnt matched in housing prouduction
• workers were hosued in ramshackle dorms and tenements
• most russian industrial workers lived in unhygenic freezing conditions
• meals included stale bread buckweat gruel (porrage)
• long hours in factories really dangerous
• economic reforms and rapid industiraliseation exceeded national goals
• wokring class was exploited, pooly treated and c;ustered in lage numbers
• this lead to workers becoming suseptible to revolutionary ideas

Question 18

theory behind marxism

Answer 18

• radical political ideology based on theorys and writings of philosipher kal marx
• became the bluepint for revolution
• written in mid 19th century
• central idea os that society is shaped by who wons capital (money) as it contolls comodities
• marx noted that society owns capital via the ruler
• capital is whats needed to manufacure goods, own land, bulidings,machenery, mineral resources and raw materials
• always a struggle between who owns capital and wage owners

Question 19

karl marx

Answer 19

• born in prussia 1818
• middle class jewish family
• trained as a lawyer
• interested in work of georg gegel who wrote about the dialectic (2 compeating ideas create 1 idea)
• 1844 life long collab with engles began
• engles had just studied the conditions in the working class in englans
• 4 yeas later the communist manifoesto was released
• scathing critisism of capitalism/ dehumaniseation of workers
• it calls for workers of the world to unite and throw off capialism and create their own political and economical system.

Question 20

phases of history

Answer 20

• theres 5 stages

Primitive or tribal-communism:
- In this phase, humans lived in small communities and lived a quasi-communistic existence. Both work and resources were shared, while decisions were made communally.

Slavery:
- Ancient societies were strongly hierarchical and based on ownership of land and control of labour. The ruling classes relied extensively on slave labour, drawn from the local population or from prisoners of military conquests.

Feudalism:
- A system that evolved in the medieval period, where kings and lords owned capital (the land) and permitted its use by peasant farmers, in return for their obedience, tributes and military service.

Capitalism:
- The industrialised system that developed in the 18th century, based on private ownership of capital, like land and factories. Capitalists are driven by the profit motive: in essence, the desire to make more money. In capitalism, labour is supplied by paid workers who are often exploited by the capitalists.

Socialism:
- A system that Marx claimed would replace capitalism by revolution. Socialism would begin with the formation of a ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’, to rule on behalf of the working classes. Private capital would be seized by the state; bourgeois privileges and systems of control would be abolished.

Communism:
- A utopian society without classes, divisions of wealth, exploitation or suffering. Members would provide what they could and receive what they need. The instruments of state, such as government bureaucracies, police and military, would become unnecessary and would “wither away”.