Rural-Urban Links Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is the location of significant areas of population in wales? (4)
A
- population density is highest in the South of Wales
- Population is also somewhat high in the North East
- The rest of Wales is sparsely populated
- With the exception of the coast which can have a slightly higher population density
2
Q
What is the population in mountainous areas of Wales like?And why? (1 + 2)
A
- Fewer people live in the mountains areas of wales
- Because it has a hilly relief (difficult to build on), lacks a wide variety of services, feels remote
- But they can also benefit form tourism
3
Q
What is the population of Cardiff like? And why? (1 +1)
A
- It has the highest population density in Wales
- Because it is the capital, close to the M4, built up area, many shops, jobs and services
4
Q
What is the rural-urban continuum?
A
Shows a transition between the two ends of the continuum - rural and urban areas. It accommodates for areas that are between these classifications.
5
Q
What is a sphere of influence?
A
The area that is affected by or influenced by a particular settlement, service or employment
6
Q
How does retailing and urban services vary along the rural-urban continuum? (2)
A
- in rural areas: have fewer, basic retail outlets, have basic services but rely on urban areas for specialised services.
- in urban areas: higher population density, large number & wide variety of retail outlets, hubs for specialised services (healthcare, education, offices)
7
Q
What does ‘rural’ refer to?
A
Areas in the countryside, that are often less densely populated and often contain farmland
8
Q
What does ‘urban’ refer to?
A
Towns, cities and built - up areas with a higher population density.
9
Q
What is a settlement hierarchy?
A
A hierarchy that shows the different types of settlement. They get larger and less frequent towards the top of the hierarchy.
10
Q
What types of settlement are at the bottom of the settlement hierarchy?
A
Isolated dwellings and hamlets.
11
Q
Give the order of the settlement hierarchy from highest to lowest? (6)
A
1) Conurbation
2) City
3) Large Town
4) Small town
5) Village
6) Hamlet/isolated dwelling
12
Q
How does sphere of influence vary in relation to retailing and urban services? (2)
A
- a major urban centre often has a larger sphere of influence in retail, attracting shoppers from nearby smaller settlements (factors like transport links, uniqueness of goods, and distance to competing centres affect this)
- urban areas have more specialised services such as healthcare services, leading to a greater sphere of influence as they cater for nearby settlements. Rural areas have limited access to healthcare and so may have to travel great distances for comprehensive healthcare.
13
Q
Larger settlements have a _____ sphere of influence
A
larger
14
Q
What two main factors is provision of services in a settlement influenced by? (2)
A
- Threshold population (minimum number of people required to maintain a particular service)
- Range of a service (the maximum distance people are willing to travel for a particular service)
15
Q
What factors does the size of a sphere of influence depend on? (3)
A
- Settlement infrastructure and transport links (the better they are, the more people can access the settlement)
- Distance from cities (further settlement is from a city, the smaller the sphere of influence)
- Settlement size (larger settlement, higher population density, higher sphere of influence)
16
Q
What can choropleth maps be used for? (4)
A
To show:
- population density
- rainfall
- vegetation cover
- land use
17
Q
What are the advantages of use of chloropleth maps? (3)
A
- Easy comparison between regions/areas
- Good for looking at changes over time
- Easy to produce
18
Q
What are the disadvantages of use of chloropleth maps? (3)
A
- can oversimplify data
-Gives the impression that everything is the same within a colour block - can be difficult to read if colour-blind or printed in greyscale
19
Q
What are dot distribution maps?
A
Each dot represents a specific piece of statistical data e.g. 100,000 people
20
Q
What are the advantages of using a dot distribution map? (4)
A
- can be used to show a wide range of data
- easy to construct
- easy to compare data across a single area
- good to show areas of interest
21
Q
What are the disadvantages of using a dot distribution map? (3)
A
- Overcrowding of dots can blur data and make it difficult to read
- Location of the dots can be subjective
- Creation can take a long time
22
Q
Push factors for urban areas (7)
A
- High crime rate
- Air pollution
- lower quality schools
- expensive housing
- lack of open and green spaces
- traffic congestion
- noise pollution
23
Q
What factors have been increasing commuting from rural towns to urban centres? (6)
A
- higher paying jobs in the city
- house prices are lower in rural areas, than urban areas
- increased ownership of affordable, fuel-efficient cars
- cheap access to smartphones allow work on the go
- signal and free wi-fi are available on trains and buses
- lower pollution levels in rural towns
24
Q
What are the environmental impacts of counter-urbanisation? (2)
A
- increased traffic congestion and pollution in rural areas as people commute to work
- building on greenfield land: loss of habitat and countryside to urban sprawl
25
What are the economic impacts of counter-urbanisation? (3)
- house prices in rural areas increase as demand rises
- local people find it difficult to afford houses and have to move away
- migrants tend not to support local services and instead shop in the urban areas in which they work
26
What are the social impacts of counter-urbanisation? (5)
- conflict between local residents and 'newcomers'
- traditions of the village aren't valued by newcomers leading to a loss of community spirit
- some local services supported (public houses, local tradesmen)
- local rural schools have increased numbers and can stay open
- old derelict farm buildings are turned into habitable dwellings, adding aesthetic value, increasing community wellbeing
27
Explain the process of formation of rural commuter villages and deprivation (6)
1) very few houses are built in the countryside due to low local population and limited local requirements
2) high demand for rural housing from wealthy families from urban areas looking for second/holiday homes
3) the price of rural housing is forced up
4) local people (especially young adults) cannot afford to buy a house close to their families
5) local people are forced out the area
6) the full-time residential population of the area declines, forcing local services (schools, banks, buses) and shops to close
28
What are the causes of rural poverty? (5)
- lack of local employment
- decline in services and shops
- increased house prices
- closure of rural schools
- limited public transport
29
What does a 'deprived community' mean?
A community that lacks features that are usually regarded as necessary for a reasonable standard of living
30
What is depopulation?
Reduction of the amount of people living in an area
31
What is a sustainable community?
A place that is able to adequately support the needs of all the residents, providing a good quality of life now and, in the future
32
What is Egan's wheel?
The wheel shows the criteria that we use to judge whether a community is sustainable or not. To be sustainable, it must have the appropriate level of elements from each of the segments.
33
What factors are contributing to a lack of services in rural areas? (6)
- daytime commuting
- larger sphere of influence of urban areas
- second-homes
- aging populations
- online (shopping and banking)
- better, cheaper, faster transport
34
Explain transport issues in rural communities
Many rural areas have infrequent public transport, leaving people isolated as many cannot afford cars
35
Explain employment issues in rural communities
As a result of poor education and closure of shops and services in rural communities, there are a lack of opportunities for employment
36
Explain the cycle of rural depopulation (4)
1) few jobs are in area/jobs are limited to low skill and low pay
2) People live in poverty and have a poor quality of life
3)Young people choose to move out of the area to find better opportunities
4)There is less demand for local services and less investment so they close.
37
What strategies can be used to create sustainable rural communities? (6)
- Improve transport links
- Provide affordable housing
- Support local businesses and tourism
- Enhance internet connectivity
- Maintain key services (post offices, schools, GP surgeries)
- Set up national parks/nature reserves
38
Rural de-population case study?
Blaenau-Ffestiniog
39
Where is Blaenau-Ffestiniog located?
North-West Wales, Snowdonia.
40
What is the context for Blaenau-Ffestiniog (2)
- They were an old mining town.
- The people used to work as slate miners.
41
Blaenau Ffestiniog: As the slate industry has declined, the population has ____
declined
42
What is the approximate population of Blaenau Ffestiniog now?
5000
43
Is Blaenau Ffestiniog now heavily reliant on tourism?
Yes
44
Rural poverty and deprivation case study?
Cwm, a village in Denbigshire, North Wales
45
What are the causes of poverty and deprivation in Cwm? (3)
- Lack of jobs - decline in coal mining
- Low wages
- Local shops and services closing
46
What are the effects of poverty and deprivation in Cwm? (4)
- people can't afford food
- 1/7 people take antidepressants
- many are dependant on welfare
- older people are isolated
47
What was done to help Blaenau Ffestiniog regenerate? (5)
- creation of mountain bike trails
- Llechwedd Slate caverns mine tours and ziplining
- promotion of Welsh culture, language and slate mining heritage
- redevelopment of town centre + investment in public art
- Awarded UNESCO World Heritage Site status
48
What is counter-urbanisation?
People migrate from urban to rural communities. (This only happens in accessible rural areas).
49
What is the counter-urbanisation Case Study?
St Hilary, Vale of Glamorgan
50
Where is St Hilary located? Is it accessible?
Just south of the A48
It is accessible
51
Is St Hilary a commuter village?
Yes
52
What transport issues are caused by the commuter village - St Hilary?
- Traffic congestion at certain times of the day
- Full trains and overcrowded platforms
53
What are pull factors that have attracted people to live in St Hilary? (6)
- A48 gives quick, easy access to Cardiff
- Close to Cowbridge
- Area receives fruit and veg deliveries
- Sunday church services
- Lower house prices compared to the average area
- Country walks
54
What are the advantages of counter-urbanisation? (4)
- It maintains or increases house prices for locals who want to sell
- it can boost local economy
- leads to improvement in infrastructure
- children help keep local schools open
55
What are the disadvantages of counter-urbanisation? (5)
- traditional services may close
- transport issues - commuting
- social tension
- young people forced out of the area as house prices rise
- pollution
56
What are key causes of population change within the UK? (3)
- falling birth rates
- aging population (higher life expectancy)
- migration (into and within the UK)
57
What factors have reduced fertility rates in the UK? (5)
- access to family planning
- raise in the status of women
- improved healthcare
- education for women
- people getting married later
58
What are the consequences of a falling birth rate? (3)
- fewer school-aged children
- workforce may shrink in the future
- change in services (fewer fertility wards)
59
Case study for migration to the UK?
Polish migration to the UK
60
What are the push factors from Poland to the UK? (4)
- Unemployment was almost 20% in 2004
- Income is 4 times lower in Poland than in the UK
- Lower life expectancy
- Longer working hours
61
Pull factors to the UK, from Poland? (3)
- Desire to experience life abroad and learn the English language
- Job vacancies in the Uk, especially in construction, leisure and farming
- better healthcare
62
What is the history of Polish migration to the UK? (2)
- Increase in World War 2
- Influx in 2004 when Poland joined the EU, so movement into the UK was free
63
What are 2 key places where Polish migrants settled in the UK?
- London
- Southampton
64
What work are polish migrants doing in the UK? (3)
hard, manual labour jobs. Relatively low pay. E.G. factory or cleaning jobs
65
Who are the new polish migrants to the UK? (2)
- families
- young men who are able to do work requiring physical labour
66
Advantages of polish migration to the UK - for migrants? (3)
- Chance for new life
- Higher wages
- Better standard of living
67
Disadvantages of polish migration to the UK - for immigrants? (2)
- People think they are invaders - unwanted
- Immigrants face abuse
68
Advantage of polish migration to the UK - for
UK? (2)
- Fills a skills shortage
- puts money into the local economy
69
Advantage of polish migration to the UK - for Poland?
Reduces overpopulation and puts less pressure on local services
70
Disadvantages of polish migration to the UK - for Poland? (2)
- Young leave - unbalanced population
- Brain drain - loss of most skilled workers
71
Disadvantages of polish migration to the UK - for the UK? (3)
- Puts pressure on local services (e.g. schools)
- resulting in housing shortages
- Cultural conflicts
72
What is your case study for migration within the UK? (2)
- Migration from North-England to London (young people) e.g. Newcastle-London
- Then from London to South-England (elderly) e.g. London-Southend
73
Why do people move from Newcastle to London?
To find employment/ further career
74
Why do people move from London to Southend? (2)
- Elderly people choose to retire by the coast
- House prices are cheaper than in London
75
What are the causes of ageing population in Wales and the UK? (6)
- Higher life expectancy
- Better understanding of healthy lifestyle
- Better hygiene
- medicine
- Lower fertility rate
- post World War 2 baby boomers are now old
76
What are the health effects of ageing population in Wales and the UK?
- more pressure on the NHS
77
What are the social effects of ageing population in Wales and the UK? (3)
- housing problems
- increase in demand for retirement homes
- free childcare for people of working age
78
What are the economic effects of ageing population in Wales and the UK? (5)
- strain on government finances
- spending more on pensions
- Decreased numbers of economically active people in the population
- pensions crisis (not enough money to cover increasing demands)
- Shrinking tax base (less people of working age - less workers)
79
What are the responses to an ageing population in Wales and the UK? (5)
- more retirement homes
- imported labour (open borders)
- increase retirement age
- people encouraged to save for their retirement
- Country could adopt a pro-natalist (encouraging people to have more children by offering them benefits)
80
What is your case study for an aging population in the UK?
East Devon
81
East Devon has the _____ highest concentration of over 50s in England.
Second
82
Pull factors of East Devon for old people (3)
- Natural beauty
- World Heritage Site
- Coastal
83
What is the dependency ratio in East Devon like? (3)
- High
- The dependency ratio is 54%
- For every 100 people working there are almost 54 who are dependent
84
Where do people in East Devon live? (2)
- 125,000 people live near the coast
- the rest are scattered in villages
85
What are the causes of need for new housing in the UK? (4)
- increased immigration
- aging population
- more adults living alone
- lower mortality rate
86
What are the effects of the need for new housing in the UK? (4)
- house prices increased
- overdevelopment in areas
- development on the green belt
- more houses needed
87
What are the responses to the need for new housing in the UK? (2)
- building more flats/apartments
- sustainable housing developments
88
Challenges of creating urban sustainable communities in UK towns/cities? (7)
- Energy consumption and type (renewable or not)
- Housing availability and cost
- social tension and inequality
- location (floodplain or coastline)
- transport and links
- lack of green space
- poverty and unemployment
89
Who created Egan’s wheel?
Sir John Egan
90
What factors form the 8 parts of Egan’s wheel?
- governance
- transport and connectivity
- services
- environment
- equity
- economy
- housing and built environment
- social & cultural
91
What is your case study to do with issues of sustainable community development in a brownfield context?
BEDZED (Beddington Zero Energy Development), England
92
Where is BEDZED located?
Near London, South of the river Thames
93
How many homes are in BEDZED?
82
94
What features make BEDZED sustainable? (13)
- solar panels
- wind cowls ventilate buildings
- water recycling
- affordable housing
- waste recycling
- thick, insulated walls
- roof gardens slow water runoff into storm drains
- south facing windows - triple glazing
- electric car charging points
- made of natural or recycled materials
- renewable energy
- has a nursery
- green transport (car sharing, walking, cycling)
95
What is your case study to do with issues of sustainable community development in a greenfield context?
Lammas Eco Village, West Wales
96
Where is Lammas Eco Village located?
North Pembrokeshire
97
What does Lammas Eco Village consist of?
Small holdings, clustered together
98
What features make Lammas Eco Village sustainable? (7)
- community hub, village green and millpond at the heart of the village
- green technology (hydro power, solar and wind turbines)
- grow fruit + veg, rear livestock, farm worms
- low impact living
- homes are build from local or recycled materials
- what isn’t consumed on site is sold at visitor centre, local markets, and online
- environmental design
99
Give some context about Lammas Eco Village (3)
- all homes are built and designed by residents
- work began in 2009, as nine families purchased their plots and were given 5 years to establish holdings
- none cost more than £14,000 to complete
100
What cultural factors have led to a change in shopping habits in the UK? (5)
- social media influencers
- online advertisements
- cost of living
- habit of bulk buying (monthly or weekly shops)
- car-dependent society
101
What economic factors have led to a change in shopping habits in the UK? (8)
- bargain hunting + deals
- cheaper retailers (e.g. Tesco’s) for all products
- shops choosing to go online/ out of town retail - to reduce rental costs
- online orders - reduce travel costs
- wages paid monthly rather than weekly
- high parking costs in city centres, free parking out of town retail
- congestion in city centres
- increase in home delivery forms - becoming cheaper
102
What technological factors have led to a change in shopping habits in the UK? (5)
- internet, phones and apps, revoluntionalised retail
- wide coverage of high-speed broadband
- sophisticated websites (goods from any angle)
- online-only retailers
- internet banking
103
What is your case study for a study of high street change in UK towns/cities?
Newport, decline and regeneration (retailing changes)
104
What was Newport City Centre like in 2010? (5)
- 29% of shops were unoccupied
- large scale unemployment
- social problems (crime, vandalism, low land values)
- negative publicity and poor reputation
- cycle of decline
105
Why did Newport retail park draw footfall away from the city centre? (6)
- free parking
- easy access
- located close to supermarkets & shops all in close proximity
- large shops (more choice)
- big brand name stores
- development of out of town shopping
106
What regeneration project took place to regenerate Newport City Centre?
Friars Walk, Newport City Centre (2015)
107
What did Friars walk do? (5)
- provided jobs for the local population
- improved environmental quality
- boosted the local economy
- positive multiplier effect
- regenerated the area
108
What did Friars Walk include? (5)
- shops
- restaurants
- cinema
- gym
- bus and car parking
109
Benefits of the development of out of town shopping (6)
- easy access - free parking
- catalytic effect on other retailing centres - stimulus to improve
- greater choice & lower prices because of economies of bulk purchasing
- increased profile and status of a region
- increased passing - trade for some retailers
- increased employment
110
Costs of the development of out of town shopping (5)
- more reliance on cars - pollution, energy and congestion
- less mobile sections of the community at a disadvantage
- shopping choice may be restricted as retail is concentrated into a few large multiples
- decentralisation - decline of traditional town centres
- employment opportunities are mostly part-time
111
What is urbanisation?
The process by which the population of a country becomes more urban and less rural
112
Push factors from rural to urban areas in LIC’s (9)
- low food production & starvation
- crop failures
- natural disasters
- poor quality of life
- lack of services (schools, hospitals, water, electricity)
- poor housing
- poverty
- poor wages &lack of employment
- few opportunities
113
Pull factors to urban areas from rural in LIC’s (8)
- fewer natural disasters
- employment and higher wages
- better services (schools, medical care, water, electricity)
- more opportunities
- higher quality life
- ‘bright lights’ and entertainment
- relations already migrated
- better housing
114
What are the social reasons for changing UK population? (3)
- free NHS (less babies dying, longer life expectancy)
- reduced fertility rates (people getting married later and waiting longer to have children)
- ageing population
115
What are the economic reasons for changing UK population? (1)
- reduced fertility rates (cost of children & women more focused on careers)
116
What are the political reasons for changing UK population? (3)
- contraception is more easily available
- medical development and vaccine programs
- migration to Wales & UK
117
What are the environmental consequences of urbanisation? (3)
- increased pollution
- decline in agricultural land (not being managed)
- overdevelopment - urban sprawl
118
What are the economic consequences of urbanisation? (7)
In urban (3) and in rural areas (4)
- house prices increase
- increased land value
- increased job opportunities
- decline in rural services
- House prices decline
- lack of jobs - unemployment
- brain drain
119
What are the social consequences of urbanisation? (6)
In urban areas (4) and in rural (2)
- chain migration
- social problems (drugs, crime, prostitution)
- loss of tradition/culture/divides communities
- informal housing (slums)
- isolation
- demographic imbalance
120
How are Mumbai and Cardiff connected to the rest of the world? What are the main infrastructures? (4)
- airport
- port
- internet
- media
