Running Gait Flashcards
Name the 3 differences between walking and running gait.
- running gait has a double float period (both feet off ground)
- running gait is/has a quicker cycle
- ground reaction forces are higher w/running gait (2-6 x body weight)
What are the phases of running gait, in sequence.
Support phase breaks down into foot strike, mid-support and take-off.
Swing phase breaks down into follow-through, forward swing and foot descent.
Foot strike is defined as…?
the point when the foot makes the first touch with the ground.
How are the loading forces controlled at foot strike?
eccentrically
Mid-support is defined as…?
When the foot is flat on the ground, mid-support begins.
How does the body respond to the ground reaction forces during mid-support?
the body absorbed the ground reaction forces; this is called the breaking phase.
Take-off is defined as…?
When the body moves anterior to the stance leg, until the foot leaves the ground.
What is the propulsion phase?
same thing as the take-off phase.
What propels the body forward during the take-off phase?
- lower limb muscles concentric contraction.
- stored potential energy in tendons
The greatest risk of injury during running is at what phase?
Take-off (aka propulsion phase)
The swing phase is also referred to as the _____ phase?
recovery phase
What is the purpose of swing phase?
to return the limb to a position that is ready for foot contact. In addition, the swinging limb adds momentum and increasing efficiency.
Follow-through is defined by…?
the end of backward momentum of the leg, where the knee reaches maximal flexion (60°)
Forward swing is defined by…?
When the limb begins to drive forward.
Foot decent is defined by…?
starts as the limb begins to prepare for foot contact.
When does double float take place?
at the beginning and end of the swing phase.
During running, the pelvis is _____ rotated at foot contact and continues after foot contact until it reaches maximal rotation at __________.
externally; mid-support
After reaching maximal external rotation at mid-support the pelvis begins to ______ _______ so that by take-off the pelvis is relatively _____ in the traverse plane.
internally rotate; neutral
What are the primary muscles working from foot contact to foot flat (the braking phase)?
- anterior (ecc.) & posterior calf muscles (conc.)
- quads (co-contracting)
- hip extensors & abductors (ecc.)
- hamstrings (conc.)
What is happening to the tendons during the breaking phase?
tendons are being stretched, absorbing energy, and storing it as potential energy. The tendons will return 90% of that energy during the propulsion phase as kinetic energy.
What are the primary muscles working from flat foot to take-off (the propulsion phase)?
- calf (conc.)
- quads (ecc.)
- hamstings (conc.)
- glutes (conc.)
Are the glues, hamstrings, quads, and calf muscles activating more in the breaking phase or the propulsion phase, and why?
activate more during the breaking phase b/c the propulsion energy comes mainly form the recoil of elastic energy stored during the first half of stance.
What single muscle generates the primary during the propulsive phase?
gastrocnemius
What is the primary force generator for forward swing?
hip flexors
What muscle contract to abduct the hip and provide hip lift?
glute medius (conc.)
What muscle is active during forward swing (mid-swing) to control excessive knee flexion?
rectus femoris (co-contact w/hamstrings)
What muscle slows knee extension just before foot contact, during foot decent?
hamstings (ecc.)
What muscle dorsiflexes the foot; and then controls foot slap at the initiation of foot contact?
tibialis anterior; dorsiflexion (conc.) and (ecc.) foot slap
Runner should not increase pace or volume more than ___% each week?
10%
Long run for the week should exceed __% of total weekly running milage.
30%
Important for runners to rest __ to __ hours between successive training sessions.
48 to 72 hours
A common fault in novice runners is?
over-striding; this contributes to excessive breaking forces
Joint motion, in degrees, at the hip, knee, and foot during foot strike?
hip - 20-50° flexion
knee - 15-40° flexion
foot - 10° DF
Joint motion, in degrees, at the hip, knee, and foot during mid-support?
hip - 30° flexion
knee - 20° flexion
foot - 20° DF
Joint motion, in degrees, at the hip, knee, and foot during take-off?
hip - 10° extension
knee - 0° flexion
foot - 25° PF
Joint motion, in degrees, at the hip, knee, and foot during follow-through?
hip - 5° extension
knee - 20° flexion
foot - 10° PF
Joint motion, in degrees, at the hip, knee, and foot during forward swing?
hip - 10-60° flexion
knee - 125° flexion
foot - 10° PF
Joint motion, in degrees, at the hip, knee, and foot during foot descent?
hip - 40° flexion
knee - 40-20° flexion
foot - 10° DF
What speed is the transition from walking to running gait?
varies but commonly between 4.5 and 5.0 mph
Sagittal plane difference between men and women?
women generate more power from hips
Frontal plane difference between men and women?
women have increased adduction angle
Transverse plane difference between men and women?
women has more IR at hip than men
Knee sagittal plane differences between men and women?
almost no difference
Knee frontal plane differences between men and women?
women have increased abduction angle
Knee transverse plane differences?
women have increased ER
