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KINES FINAL > Running > Flashcards

Running Flashcards

1
Q

Walking has two periods of double __________ during ________ phase

A
  • double-support
  • stance phase

Both feet are in contact with the ground

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2
Q

Running gives way to two periods of double _______ at the beginning and end of _______ phase of running gait

A
  • double float
  • swing phase of running gait

Here neither foot is in contact with the ground

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3
Q

stance phase in running is about how long?

A

300ms - not in contact with the ground very much

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4
Q

stance phase in running is what percentage of gait

A 
35-40% 
(can be 22% in world class sprinters)
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5
Q

Are there any periods where both feet are in contact with the ground in running?

A

NO

Float phase

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6
Q

when speed of running increases, what happens to time spent in stance

A

it decreases

Increased time in swing phase

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7
Q

Absorption period of running

A

once foot contacts the ground, the body COM decelerates horizontally to absorb energy

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8
Q

Propulsion (generation) phase of running

A

after mid-stance, body COM is propelled upward and forward

stance limb is forcefully driven into swing phase after toe- off

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9
Q

what allows you to maintain momentum in walking?

A

the ballistic concentric contraction from hip flexors

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10
Q

what allows you to maintain momentum in running?

A

propulsion phase

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11
Q

In the running gait cycle, 70% of the time is spent in

A

swing phase

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12
Q

when does double float occur?

A

at the beginning and end of swing phase in running

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13
Q

4 phases of running are:

A
  1. absorption
  2. propulsion
  3. initial swing
  4. terminal swing
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14
Q

at initial contact in running, the hip and knee should be angled to what degree?

A

Hip: 15-25 degrees flexion
Knee: 10-20 degrees flexion

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15
Q

during midstance what are the kinematics of the LE

A

Hip: flexed to 35-45 degrees
Knee: flexed to 35-40 degrees
Ankle: 20- 30 degrees DF

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16
Q

During toe off, what are the kinematics of the LE?

A

hip extension: 5-15 degrees
Knee flexion: 0-10 degrees
Ankle: 10-20 degrees PF

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17
Q

Kinematics of swing limb during first double float?

A

hip extension 5-15 degrees
knee flexion 0 - 5 degrees
Ankle 20-25 degrees PF

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18
Q

Kinematics of swing limb during mid swing in running

A

Hip: flexed 35-45 degrees
Knee: flexed 80-115 degrees
Ankle: 0-5 DF

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19
Q

Kinematics of swing limb during second double float

A

Hip flex: 15-25 degrees
Knee Flex: 5-15 degrees
Ankle: 0-5 DF

20
Q

with running do you have an increased or decreased BOS?

A

Decreased

21
Q

T/F: in running there is an increased functional varus of the stance leg

A

true

22
Q

In running, the pattern of GRF is dependent on…

A

strike pattern

23
Q

Vertical ground reaction force is ______ x BW

A

2-3x BW

24
Q

how can you tell if someone is a rearfoot striker on a force diagram?

A

if there is a small hump before the larger one (indicates an absorption of force with initial strike)

25
Q

Increased GRF in running causes…

A

increased load on tendons, and greater muscle eccentric contraction

26
Q

what is the most common strike pattern?

A

rearfoot

27
Q

Do running shoes with cushioned midsoles reduce impact forces?

A
  • literature does NOT support this

- in studies there have been no difference between light shoes and barefoot running

28
Q

Running overuse injuries we can help with

A
  • previous injury
  • postural stability
  • footwear usage
  • LE and foot altered alignment
  • fitness level
  • age and gender
29
Q

3 critical points of etiology of LE Overuse injury

A
  1. running injuries rarely are the result in a single risk factor
  2. large variability in running mechanics (style)
  3. differences in methods used to study running
30
Q

definition of a running related injury

A

musculoskeletal pain in LE that causes restriction or stoppage of running for at least 7 days or 3 consecutive scheduled training sessions
OR
that requires the runner to consult a physician or other health professional

31
Q

most common sites of LE/Foot overuse injuries:

A

1- knee
2- leg
3- foot

32
Q

Increased pronation or pronated foot type is a risk factor for:

A
  1. exercise related lower leg pain
  2. MTSS (pronated foot is a level 1 risk factor)
  3. Plantar fasciitis/fasciosis
  4. high arches more bony-related injuries; low arches are more soft tissue injuries
33
Q

skeletally immature athletes are at a higher risk for sustaining injuries to the:

A

tendon attachment sites (apophyses) and growth plates

34
Q

Classic apophyseal injuries

A
  1. Sever disease (calcaneus)
  2. Osgood-Schlatter (tibial tuberosity)
  3. Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease (inferior pole of patella)
35
Q

children interested in distance (marathon) running should be in a…

A
  • well designed, weekly training program with appropriate education on endurance training
  • KEY: enjoyment, and without injury
36
Q

Recommendations for all young athletes:

A
  • don’t specialize in a single sport with year-long training and competition (max 5 days for one sport per week)
  • should take 1-2 days off per week
  • should not increase weekly training by > 10% each week
37
Q

2 separate issues with barefoot vs shoed running..

A
  1. Is a forefoot/midfoot strike pattern more advantageous than rearfoot?
  2. irrespective of strike pattern should I run barefoot?
38
Q

Muscle activity irrespective of strike pattern

A
  • shortening contraction of calf muscles via achilles tendon to elevate rearfoot during propulsion
39
Q

Muscle activity during FF or MF strike

A

lengthening contraction of the calf muscles via achilles to lower rearfoot to eh ground

40
Q

Muscle activation of rearfoot strike pattern

A

lengthening contraction of anterior compartment muscles to lower the forefoot to the ground

41
Q

FF strike, in general, results in…

A

shorter stride length and higher cadence

due to decreased ankle DF at IC

42
Q

the decreased step-rate with FF strike can cause:

A

increased EMG activity in Glut Max and med, rectus femoris during late swing

also may have rehab role by increasing activation of proximal hip muscles

43
Q

Benefits of FF strike

A
  • decreased energy absorbed at knee and hip

- increased energy absorbed at the ankle

44
Q

Negative effects of FF stike

A
  • may increase risk of metatarsal stress fracture
45
Q

safe transition to barefoot running is key!

A

build up slowly, over several months increase the proportion of forefoot or midfoot striking and decrease the time in running in OLD style

KINES FINAL (1 decks)

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