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Ruminant Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

how many animals are ruminants worldwide?

A

2.8 billion

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2
Q

how many ruminants are cattle and sheep?

A

2.2 billion

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3
Q

list the major domesticated ruminant species

A

cattle
sheep
goat
buffalo
reindeer
yak

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4
Q

what are the three feeding types for ruminant classification?

A

concentrate selectors (soluble fiber, berries, fruit)
intermediate selectors (more fiber components, adaptable to both concentrate and low quality feed)
grass/roughage feeders (most advanced to foregut utilization)

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5
Q

define pseudoruminant

A

cud chewing animal that has 3 compartment stomach and has feet that resemble pads not hooves

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6
Q

describe the three compartment stomach of pseudoruminants

A

first two = resemble reticulum and rumen in terms of size and function. **secretes mucus and buffer (unlike ruminant*
third part = glandular tissue similar to abomasum

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7
Q

which species are examples of pseudoruminants?

A

camel, llama

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8
Q

do ruminants prefer sweet or sour taste?

A

sweet

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9
Q

ruminant feed costs represent ___% of total production

A

45-60%

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10
Q

what’s the key for ruminant digestive physio?

A

OPPORTUNITY
since diet can be so diverse

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11
Q

REWATCH TO SEE IF WE NEED TO KNOW

A

SLIDE 17

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12
Q

concentrate selectors must handle a ___ range of plant toxins and/or defense factors (tannin)

A

wider range

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13
Q

describe microbial masses in concentrate selectors

A

LOW/NO protozoal activity
HIGH amylase activity

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14
Q

why is feed intake so important?

A

determines production level
affects rate of passage and digestion in rumen
determines microbial protein synthesis in rumen
important for formulating nutrient concentration in diet

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15
Q

describe the chemical traits of feeds related to intake

A

energy concentration (metabolizable vs net)
fiber content (NDF, lignin)
nutrient content (N, S, salt)

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16
Q

describe the physical traits of feed related to intake

A

moisture
particle size
density

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17
Q

list some physiological states that affect intake of food

A

lactation (increase)
pregnancy (decrease in last trimester)
temperature stress (heat decreases, cold increases)
BCS
hormones (leptin, ghrelin)

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18
Q

what are the four main theories of feed intake regulation in ruminants?

A

physical constraints - capacity of GI tract
metabolic constraints - energy demands
efficiency of oxygen use
water content of feed

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19
Q

why is anabolic processing so critical in the rumen?

A

supply protein
meet vitamin B requirements of host

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20
Q

what are some consequences to fermentation?

A

pre-gastric hydrolysis
conversion to microbial biomass (VFA, CO2, methane, ammonia)

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21
Q

what are some advantages to pregastric fermentation?

A

provide energy from fibrous material
microbes provide AA and B vitamins
reduces amount of undigested product

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22
Q

what are some disadvantages of pregastric fermentation?

A

digests readily available substrates (starch, sugar, protein) LESS EFFICIENTLY than in SI
reduces quality of proteins

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23
Q

fermentation in the rumen mostly involves breakdown of ___

A

sugars

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24
Q

are AA absorbed from the rumen?

A

NO

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25
amino acids and small peptides are transported into ___ cells in the rumen and is used for synthesis of ___ proteins
bacterial synthesize microbial proteins
26
which proteins are NOT degraded in the rumen?
BYPASS PROTEINS natural (corn, blood proteins, feather meal) modification of feed proteins to make them less degradable (via heat or chemical)
27
how is fat digestibility influenced in the rumen?
DM intake amount of fat consumed (decreases with increased intake) degree of saturation (decreases with increased sat)
28
describe the lipid content of forages
LOW fat content (1-4% of DM) high linolenic acid proportion diglycerides in fats of leaves
29
describe the lipid content of grains
VARIABLE content (4-20% DM) high linolenic acid proportion triglycerides in oils of seeds
30
describe hydrogenation of fatty acids in rumen
31
what depresses hydrogenation of FA
linoleic acid
32
how does fat effect ruminant fermentation and food intake?
reduced intake reduced fiber digestion reduced milk fat increased propionate:acetate
33
which fat is MORE inhibitory to rumen fermentation...polyunsaturated or saturated?
polyunsat
34
ruminant feeds normally contain ___ levels of fats/oils
LOW 2-4%
35
what are some reasons to add fat to a diet?
increase energy density help increase milk production or gain improve diet and pellet characteristics lubricate feed processing equipment
36
what are protected fats that are fed to ruminants?
Ca salts of FA, hydrogenated fats ones that have little/no effect on fiber digestion sold in dry form easy to mix expensive fat source
37
what are unprotected fats?
animal fats plant oils - unsaturated FA depress fiber digestion
38
dairy calves should receive ___% BW of colostrum within first 24 hours of life, with at least half of that being within first ___ hours of life
10% half within 3 hours
39
dairy calves should receive ___% BW of cow milk or ___% milk replacer per day
10% milk 10-13% milk replacer
40
when do you start feeding dairy calves grain aka calf starter?
first/second week of life
41
calves are weaned when they eat ___ lbs of calf starter per day
0.5-1 lb
42
offer alfalfa to calves starting at week __
2
43
what happens if you overfeed calf with powdered milk?
abomastitis
44
far off dry dairy cows (60-30d) are fed ___ fiber and ___ energy diet
high fiber moderate energy
45
list some common nutrients for far off dry dairy cows
corn silage alfalfa soybean meal soyplus wheat straw grass/oat hay
46
up close dry dairy cows (30-0d) are fed ___ energy, ad libitum ___
moderate energy TMR
47
list some common nutrients for close up dry dairy cattle
cereals hay low K hay wheat middlings brewer grain corn silage
48
what do you feed lactating and feedlot animals?
TMR
49
bypass protein should be what percent of protein content of high producing cows (lactating)?
40-50%
50
do NOT exceed __ lbs of grain daily
40
51
what's the rule of thumb for beef cows protein requirements during breeding?
7-9-11
52
what's meant by the 7-9-11 rule for beef cows?
proteins requirements are 7, 9, 11% in mid gestation, late pregnancy, and lactation
53
what is the rule of thumb for protein in feeder beef cows?
14-12-10
54
what's the 14-12-10 rule for beef?
protein requirement for feeder calves is 14% in 550-800 lbs 12% in 800-1000 lbs 10% in 1000 lbs to finish
55
what's the rule of thumb for energy requirement in beef cattle gestation?
55-60-65
56
what's the 55-60-65 rule for beef cattle?
energy requirement in %TDN mid gestation is 55% late gestation is 60% early pp is 65%
57
the TMR for feedlot cattle is ___% concentrates and ___% fiber
80-90% concentrate 10-20% fiber
58
what percent of BW should feedlot cattle eat per day in DM?
1.5-3.5%
59
how many lbs should feedlot cattle gain per day?
2.5-3.5 lbs
60
how can implants help with feedlot cattle?
partitions energy to muscle and fat increases IGF1 increase ADG
61
what does the ionophore, lasalocid do to beef cattle?
increase feed efficiency prevent bloat prevent rumen acidosis
62
how can ruminants get pulmonary edema from diet?
switch from dry forage to lush green pasture main symptom is labored breathing tryptophan
63
64
how does tryptophan in diet cause pulmonary edema?
since tryptophan undergoes decarboxylation and deamination in rumen...producing 3-methyl indole (TOXIC)
65
controlling ___ in diet helps reduce risk of pulmonary edema
ionophores
66
67
what are the main types of bloat?
free gas bloat frothy (legume, grain) bloat pasture bloat
68
what is gas bloat?
gas trapped in rumen, forms foam eructation is inhibited esophageal obstruction may be causing bloat
69
what's one way to differentiate free gas from frothy bloat?
passing stomach tube
70
what is frothy bloat?
some free gas present whole rumen filled with froth/foam
71
what are the two subtypes of frothy bloat?
legume grain
72
what is legume bloat?
depends on rate of fermentation ALFALFA frothy
73
how do you treat pasture bloat?
rumenotomy/cannula stomach tube fistula if chronic
74
what is ruminal lactic acidosis?
excessive highly fermentable CHO is main cause rapid lactic acid production
75
lactic acidosis is the number one ___ problem
feedlot
76
lactic acidosis causes rumen osmotic P to ___, and __ pH
increase decreases pH
77
what is ketosis?
negative energy balance caused by prolactin and growth hormone that establishes high rate of milk production causes FA burden that is converted ro ketones in liver
78
what is polioencephalomalacia (PEM)?
lesions of brain tissue brain swelling symptoms - dullness, spasms, arched back, convulsion, coma
79
what causes PEM?
severe thiamin deficiency
80
what is thiamin?
normally made by rumen bacteria
81
what is hypocalcemia?
low Ca after birth since Ca is drained into milk/colostrum unable to mobilize Ca from bone

PVM - Farm Animal (13 decks)

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