Rules of Interference for Quantifiers

Question 1

Universal Generalization

Answer 1

p(c) for any arbitrary c
__________________________
:. Æx p(x)

Question 2

Existential Instantiation (Specification)

Answer 2

Ęx p(x)
___________
:. p(c)

Where c is some particular element of the Ü

Question 3

Existential Generalization

Answer 3

p(c) for a particular c
________________________
:.Ęx p(x)

Question 4

Universal Instantiation (Specification)

Answer 4

Æx p(x)
______________
:. p(c)

Where c is an arbitrary element of Ü