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Logical Spelling Rules > Rules > Flashcards

Rules Flashcards

1
Q

Social vs essential

A

“cial’ after a vowel (11 words)
“tial’ after a consonant (20 words)

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2
Q

Geoography

A

the letter ‘f’ is not allowed in long words (more than 2s) - use “ph’

in 39 words - all greek base

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3
Q

enough

A

if ending in a ‘f’ sound use ‘gh’

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4
Q

Refer, fidelity, fantasy, family

A

21 exceptions to the ‘ph’ rule as they are Latin based

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5
Q

Music - musician

A

use “cian’ when describing a work role - 17 words

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6
Q

expression and admission

A

us ‘sion’ when the word ends in ‘ss’ or contains ‘mission’

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7
Q

“tion’ is used 99% of the time unless

A
  • it is a role, use ‘cian’
  • ends in ‘ss’ or contains the word ‘mission’. Then us ‘sion’
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8
Q

Vi’sion’ and expres’sion’ have different sounds, but …

A

are used similarly
anything seeing related should end in ‘sion’

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9
Q

College vs Cabbage

A
  • ‘ege’ is used in 3 words
  • ‘age’ is for all other
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10
Q

‘ist’ vs ‘est’

A
  • ‘ist’ is for a job or belief
  • ‘est’ when comparing >3 things (small - smaller - smallest)
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11
Q

“cle’ or ‘cal’

A
  • ‘cle’ for nouns (person, place or thing, 18 words)
  • ‘cal’ for adjectives (to describe a noun)
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12
Q

‘le’ or ‘al’

A
  • ‘le’ for non-words ‘circ-le’
  • ‘al’ for added to full word ‘music+al’
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13
Q

rule for word pickle

A

“le’ after “k”

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14
Q

Rule for ‘cal’ as adverb (describes an action)

A

ad ‘ly’
cal+ly
Logical -> Logically

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15
Q

Adjectives describe …

A

nouns - person, place or thing

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16
Q

Adverbs describe…

A

verbs - action words

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17
Q

if you can add ‘ing’ to the present tense it is a …

A

verb
fly-> flying

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18
Q

”s” or ‘c’

A
  • ‘c’ for nouns (Vincent)
  • ’s’ for verbs (sell vs cell)
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19
Q

”s” sounds like a ‘z’ in what type of word

A

verb - use (as in use the fork)

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20
Q

”s’’ can sound like a ‘c’ in what type of word

A

noun - use (as in useful)

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21
Q

general rule for ‘e’ or ‘a’

A

typically
- ‘e’ for verbs (Meet)
- ‘a’ for nouns (Meat)

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22
Q

The ‘e’ is better than ‘a’ theory

A

English likes verbs then nouns, than adjectives

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23
Q

‘ee’ or ‘ea’

A
  • ‘ee’ for verbs (see)
  • ‘ea’ for nouns (sea) and adjectives (weak)
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24
Q

“ea’ for what type of action

A

negative connotations
- cheap, cheat, freak, etc..

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25
Q

“ea’ in what type of items

A

food items - veal, tea, peach

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26
Q

‘el’, ‘er’, ‘en’ vs. ‘al’, ‘ar’, ‘an’

A

use ‘a’ for bad or boring words
- vulgar, burglar, liar. trivial, lizard

use ‘e’ for the opposite

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27
Q

‘ence’ or ‘ance’

A
  • ‘ence’ after non-words (silence)
  • ‘ance’ after full word (acceptance)
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28
Q

Soft C and G end with “Xnce’

A

ence

soft c (innocence) or soft ‘g’ (intelligence) and Latin words

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29
Q

Enter -> entrance
Abound - abundant

A

use ‘ance’ and ‘ant’ with an internal change

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30
Q

‘ent’ or ‘ant’

A
  • ‘ent’ for non-words (sil-ent)
  • ‘ant’ if the work is a standalone (Import-ant)
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31
Q

‘ent’ to keep which letters soft

A

c and g
Contingent

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32
Q

‘ant’ to keep which letters hard

A

c and g
Significant

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33
Q

‘ency’ over ‘ancy’ for…

A

most
- keep a soft c and g
and latin stems (sist, spond, tend)

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34
Q

Factory

A

‘ory’ after a t

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35
Q

Diary and imaginary

A

‘ary’ after a vowel or semivowel (L, M, N, R, S)

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36
Q

Bakery

A

Rest of the works
- does not end in t or vowel/semivowel (LMNRS)

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37
Q

Use ‘s’ between two vowels to make a

A

Z sounds … pose, nose

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38
Q

Use a ‘c’ between two vowels to make a

A

‘C’ sounds.. decide, rice, advice

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39
Q

the sounds of ‘izim’ spelt like

A

ism at the ending of words

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40
Q

a silent ‘e’ prevents an ‘s’ from sounding like

A

a Z
Case, erase, grease, goose, vase

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41
Q

Has, as, is

A

use ‘s’ at end of 1S words to make a ‘z’ sounds

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42
Q

Class, mass, loss

A

use ‘ss’ at end of words to keep the “s” sounds

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43
Q

Cindy

A

we use a ‘c’ for pronouns - not an ‘s’

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44
Q

s vs c for homonyms

A
  • ‘c’ for nouns
  • ’s’ for verbs (sounds like a c, close)and adjectives (sounds like a z, close)
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45
Q

General se of “s’ vs. ‘c’

A
  • most words begin with ‘s’ and the ‘c’ is for the middle of the word (since)
  • Most words with two ‘s’ sounds start with an ‘s’ and end with a ‘c’
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46
Q

Legacy and prince rule
and symbol

A

we spell with ‘cy’ and ‘ce’ to end most words - limited examples of ending in ‘se’
- it is more common for a word to start with ‘sy’ than ‘cy’

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47
Q

The letter ‘k’ cannot be used in …

A

long words - the hard ‘c’ is represented by ‘c’ most of the time (calculator)

General rule - british english does not like the k

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48
Q

‘k’ to start a short word to keep the

A

hard “c” sounds - king, keen

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49
Q

“kn’ is used when

A

to differentiate homonyms - knew vs new

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50
Q

‘ck’ is used in …

A

short words with one vowel to keep the hard ‘c’ sounds (you cannont double the k)

51
Q

‘ck’ vs ‘nk’ sound rule - pink v pick

A
  • ‘nk’ if you hear the consonant (spell the consonant) - pink or park
  • ‘ck’ if you hear a short vowel before the “k’ - pick
52
Q

“ch’ vs ‘c’ at start of words, why

A

differentiate homonyms - chord vs cord, choir vs coir

53
Q

why do we add the ‘h’ to the ‘ch’ pattern

A
  • the silent ‘h’ keeps the ‘c’ hard in long words - english does not like using ‘k’ in long words
  • mainly in the middle of words
54
Q

‘ch’ at the start makes a sound like

A

‘ch’ not a hard ‘c’ - generally

55
Q

‘cu’ makes what sound

A

q

56
Q

qu makes what sound

A

kw

57
Q

‘kw’ is spelt xx in english

A

qu

58
Q

When do we use ‘pp’ or ‘p’

A

‘pp’ after short vowel - (this is also true for dd, ff, zz, etc..)
‘p’ after everything else

59
Q

the sound of ‘il’ is spelt like

A

‘le’
simple, temple
pattern of ‘ple’ spelling for ‘pil’ sounds

60
Q

Rule for ‘able’ or ‘ible’

A
  • ‘able’ is most common and used to end most words (bear’able)
  • ‘able’ is also used after a vowel, hard c or g and soft ge
  • ‘ible’ is used in non-words (terr’ible) - is used after a soft c or g
61
Q

‘able’ is used for what type of words

A

most are adjectives derived from a verb

62
Q

Rule for ‘able’ or ‘ible’ with ‘s’ sounds

A
  • soft ‘c’ us ible
  • ‘z’ us able
63
Q

When should you use able vs ible

A
  • able after it (charitable)
  • tible if ending in consonant (Deductible)
64
Q

change ‘le’ to ‘il’ when

A

converting an adjective to a noun
capable - capability

65
Q

“ll” is used in what length of word

A

short words

(long words are l only)

66
Q

Sell vs Seldom rule

A

“l+consonant’ Seldom
“ll” when not next to consonant

67
Q

LL when adding a suffix rule

A

Keep the “ll” to keep the vowel short

typical for adding suffix to root words (Call, Caller, Calling)

68
Q

Long words end with one or two ‘l’ s

A

one

69
Q

When turning an adjective, careful, to an adverb what do you do

A

add ‘ly’ - double ll
Carefully

70
Q

Add an extra ‘l’ to the middle of long words when the middle letter is

A

Hard
Control > Controlled > Controlling

71
Q

Does a long word with a 2V+L pattern require an other L

A

No
Zealous, boulevard, Jealous

72
Q

“or” over ar or er when

A

after an ‘ss’ or t
professor, doctor

73
Q

“ar” over or and er when

A

in negative words

all other are “ER”

74
Q

How is ‘ur’ and ‘ir’ the same?

A

the same sound and are both r controlled words

need to memorise

75
Q

‘al’ is used in what type of words?

A

adjectives and where there is a ‘cal’ or ‘ial’ pattern and negative words

liberal, typical, trial

76
Q

where is ‘ul’ used in the spelling of a word

A

typically in the middle - angular

77
Q

ending with “ian” to describe

A

people (Hungarian)

78
Q

Ending with “ion” to describe

A

Things (Onion, Champion)

79
Q

Ending with “ean” or “an”

A

occur in few examples (Cuban, European)

80
Q

End with “cious” when the word is

A

when a stand along adjective
Delicious, gracious, anxious

81
Q

End in “tious’ when the word can be

A

converted from verb to adjective
Ambition > Ambitious

82
Q

Ending in “ede” over ‘eed” when

A

negative connotation
Recede, concede (negative)
Succeed, exceed (positive)

83
Q

‘ey’ occurs in this type of word after these two letters only

A

nouns, after ‘k’ or ‘l’ (Key, monkey, whiskey, galley) (Luck is not a nouns so it is lucky)

84
Q

“a-e” over ‘ai’ for what type of word

A

‘a-e’ in verbs and ‘ai’ in nouns
Made and Maid

85
Q

“ei” after ‘c’ rule

A

when two vowels are walking the first does the talking (E, silent I)

86
Q

‘es’ after which combos of words

A

sh, ch, x, z, ss

87
Q

Why do we use ‘i’ for ‘crisis’ and ‘e’ for “crises”

A

“i” makes it singular
“e’ makes it plural

88
Q

French derivative words end in this pattern to be silent and the double patter to pronounce

A

‘et’ to be silent (Ballet, valet
“ette” dinette, corvette

89
Q

Usually this type of word follows a hyphenated word

A

noun as in
down-to-earth person
Far-off land
Back-to-back classes

90
Q

When spelling out numbers, they should be

A

hyphenated
Twenty-one

91
Q

ff, zz, ll, and ss are double after a

A

short vowel

exceptions are prefix ‘dis-‘ and “mis-‘

92
Q

silent letter have what job

A

to protect the short vowel

93
Q

Most words end in ‘se’, in what patter uses ‘ce’? (Revisit Question 61)

A

to keep the ‘c’ soft and typically in a noun or pronoun, like Bruce

94
Q

Silent ‘e’ has a dual function with words

A
  • keep the ‘c’ soft (Fence) and/or
  • make the vowel long (hope)
95
Q

Silent ‘o’ is to

A

differentiate homonyms
- Doug v. dug
other words started to use the pattern, couple, country, people

96
Q

How many patterns sounds are there with ‘h’

A

11
- sh, th, ch, ph, wh, gh (all with these 6 patterns)

97
Q

We double the ‘t’ when it is presented in this patter

A

double if the middle syllable starts with a consonant, ‘mit’ Admitted

  • if ‘it’ is alone, lim-it, it is spelt with one t , limited
98
Q

We double the ‘r’ when it is presented in this patter

A

double if the middle syllable starts with a consonant, ‘cur’ occur>occurring

99
Q

We double the ‘n or t ‘ when it is presented in this patter

A

double if the middle syllable starts with a consonant, and is stressed
Acquit > acquitted
Cancel > cancelled

100
Q

Consonants do not double when

A

when the middle syllable is not stressed
- similar , differ, different
or after long vowel
- interfere, cohere

101
Q

What is a schwa?

A

is the name given to any weak, unstressed or barley heard sound of a vowel
permanent, poetry, memory or virus

102
Q

describe the semivowel theory

A

semivowels are consonants, but have the sound of their own

103
Q

What are the semi vowels

A

l, m, n, r, s

104
Q

j v. g - j cannot do what

A

end a word or syllable
a j is usually at the beginning of a word or syllable (job, ad.just)

105
Q

a ‘j’ is a soft g where a g cannot be - a soft g cannot make this sounds

A

‘ja” or “jo’ or ‘ju’
a ‘j’ can only be followed by a vowel

106
Q

A ‘j’ cannot make this sound

A

a hard g
which must be spelt with a ‘g’ (Stage)

107
Q

a consonant ‘w’ makes what sounds

A
  • ‘w’ makes long u (few, nephew, curfew)
  • Long ‘o’ in grow, snow
    special ‘a’ vowel in law
108
Q

‘y’ make a long ‘i’ sound when

A
  • ends words or syllables (by, my, bypass)
    -‘y-e’ pattern as in type, style
  • is an inside syllable =, gym or lynn
109
Q

y makes a ‘e’ sounds

A

at the end of long words, happy, history

110
Q

ay or oy makes a what sound

A

long vowel sounds - as in play, day, boy or toy

111
Q

When do you keep the y, when do you change it to an i

A
  • keep the y when preceded by a vowel (es,ed,ing, oy) flying, frying
  • change to i when next to consonant, pay to paid ( no ‘ii’ pattern in english)
112
Q

“y” is changed to an ‘i’ if the next letter is

A

a consonant
-Pay> paid (consonant)
- play> played (vowel next to y, with ed)

113
Q

the ‘y’ in ‘ify’ changes to ‘ifi” is

A

when adding a suffix that starts with a vowel (ed, es, est, able)
Unify > unified

114
Q

y inside words sounds like

A

hard i - b/c homonyms
Die, dye

115
Q

How do you spell the long ‘a ‘sounds

A

“ai” - Main, pain
“a-e” fate

116
Q

How do you spell the long i sounds

A

‘ie’
Tie, lie

117
Q

How may different patters are there for the long ‘o’

A

3
“oe” toe (typically ends words)
“oa” coat (typically in the middle)
“ou” soul (typically in the middle
“o-e” hope

118
Q

How may different patters are there for the long ‘u’

A

3
“ue’ Clue (to end a word)
“ui” fruit (in the middle of a word)
“u-e’ cute

119
Q

How may different patters are there for the long ‘e’

A

3
“ee” for most verbs - meet
“ea” for most nouns - meat
“i-e” ex. routine

120
Q

How may different patters are there for the long ‘i’

A

2
“i-e” hike
“y-e” type, analyse

121
Q

generally short vowel are followed by

A

two consonants + e
or one consonant without the e

122
Q

a short e could be spelt like a long e like this

A

“ea”
head, bread, sweate

123
Q

a short u can be spelt like

A

“ou” doug
“o”son
“oo” flood

124
Q

what are the 9 rule for syllables

A

1) compound words - break into components
2) if ends in consonant +le - divide from there
3) split a double consonant down the middle
4) divide most two consonants in the middle of the word - dentist
5) divide the prefix
6) divide the suffix
7) divide two vowels next to each other if they each have a sound (bias)
8) divide from shortV + consonant (cover)
9) divide after long vowel

Logical Spelling Rules (1 decks)

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