Rules Flashcards
1
Q
Social vs essential
A
“cial’ after a vowel (11 words)
“tial’ after a consonant (20 words)
2
Q
Geoography
A
the letter ‘f’ is not allowed in long words (more than 2s) - use “ph’
in 39 words - all greek base
3
Q
enough
A
if ending in a ‘f’ sound use ‘gh’
4
Q
Refer, fidelity, fantasy, family
A
21 exceptions to the ‘ph’ rule as they are Latin based
5
Q
Music - musician
A
use “cian’ when describing a work role - 17 words
6
Q
expression and admission
A
us ‘sion’ when the word ends in ‘ss’ or contains ‘mission’
7
Q
“tion’ is used 99% of the time unless
A
- it is a role, use ‘cian’
- ends in ‘ss’ or contains the word ‘mission’. Then us ‘sion’
8
Q
Vi’sion’ and expres’sion’ have different sounds, but …
A
are used similarly
anything seeing related should end in ‘sion’
9
Q
College vs Cabbage
A
- ‘ege’ is used in 3 words
- ‘age’ is for all other
10
Q
‘ist’ vs ‘est’
A
- ‘ist’ is for a job or belief
- ‘est’ when comparing >3 things (small - smaller - smallest)
11
Q
“cle’ or ‘cal’
A
- ‘cle’ for nouns (person, place or thing, 18 words)
- ‘cal’ for adjectives (to describe a noun)
12
Q
‘le’ or ‘al’
A
- ‘le’ for non-words ‘circ-le’
- ‘al’ for added to full word ‘music+al’
13
Q
rule for word pickle
A
“le’ after “k”
14
Q
Rule for ‘cal’ as adverb (describes an action)
A
ad ‘ly’
cal+ly
Logical -> Logically
15
Q
Adjectives describe …
A
nouns - person, place or thing
16
Q
Adverbs describe…
A
verbs - action words
17
Q
if you can add ‘ing’ to the present tense it is a …
A
verb
fly-> flying
18
Q
”s” or ‘c’
A
- ‘c’ for nouns (Vincent)
- ’s’ for verbs (sell vs cell)
19
Q
”s” sounds like a ‘z’ in what type of word
A
verb - use (as in use the fork)
20
Q
”s’’ can sound like a ‘c’ in what type of word
A
noun - use (as in useful)
21
Q
general rule for ‘e’ or ‘a’
A
typically
- ‘e’ for verbs (Meet)
- ‘a’ for nouns (Meat)
22
Q
The ‘e’ is better than ‘a’ theory
A
English likes verbs then nouns, than adjectives
23
Q
‘ee’ or ‘ea’
A
- ‘ee’ for verbs (see)
- ‘ea’ for nouns (sea) and adjectives (weak)
24
Q
“ea’ for what type of action
A
negative connotations
- cheap, cheat, freak, etc..
25
"ea' in what type of items
food items - veal, tea, peach
26
'el', 'er', 'en' vs. 'al', 'ar', 'an'
use 'a' for bad or boring words
- vulgar, burglar, liar. trivial, lizard
use 'e' for the opposite
27
'ence' or 'ance'
- 'ence' after non-words (silence)
- 'ance' after full word (acceptance)
28
Soft C and G end with "Xnce'
ence
soft c (innocence) or soft 'g' (intelligence) and Latin words
29
Enter -> entrance
Abound - abundant
use 'ance' and 'ant' with an internal change
30
'ent' or 'ant'
- 'ent' for non-words (sil-ent)
- 'ant' if the work is a standalone (Import-ant)
31
'ent' to keep which letters soft
c and g
Contingent
32
'ant' to keep which letters hard
c and g
Significant
33
'ency' over 'ancy' for...
most
- keep a soft c and g
and latin stems (sist, spond, tend)
34
Factory
'ory' after a t
35
Diary and imaginary
'ary' after a vowel or semivowel (L, M, N, R, S)
36
Bakery
Rest of the works
- does not end in t or vowel/semivowel (LMNRS)
37
Use 's' between two vowels to make a
Z sounds ... pose, nose
38
Use a 'c' between two vowels to make a
'C' sounds.. decide, rice, advice
39
the sounds of 'izim' spelt like
ism at the ending of words
40
a silent 'e' prevents an 's' from sounding like
a Z
Case, erase, grease, goose, vase
41
Has, as, is
use 's' at end of 1S words to make a 'z' sounds
42
Class, mass, loss
use 'ss' at end of words to keep the "s" sounds
43
Cindy
we use a 'c' for pronouns - not an 's'
44
s vs c for homonyms
- 'c' for nouns
- 's' for verbs (sounds like a c, close)and adjectives (sounds like a z, close)
45
General se of "s' vs. 'c'
- most words begin with 's' and the 'c' is for the middle of the word (since)
- Most words with two 's' sounds start with an 's' and end with a 'c'
46
Legacy and prince rule
and symbol
we spell with 'cy' and 'ce' to end most words - limited examples of ending in 'se'
- it is more common for a word to start with 'sy' than 'cy'
47
The letter 'k' cannot be used in ...
long words - the hard 'c' is represented by 'c' most of the time (calculator)
General rule - british english does not like the k
48
'k' to start a short word to keep the
hard "c" sounds - king, keen
49
"kn' is used when
to differentiate homonyms - knew vs new
50
'ck' is used in ...
short words with one vowel to keep the hard 'c' sounds (you cannont double the k)
51
'ck' vs 'nk' sound rule - pink v pick
- 'nk' if you hear the consonant (spell the consonant) - pink or park
- 'ck' if you hear a short vowel before the "k' - pick
52
"ch' vs 'c' at start of words, why
differentiate homonyms - chord vs cord, choir vs coir
53
why do we add the 'h' to the 'ch' pattern
- the silent 'h' keeps the 'c' hard in long words - english does not like using 'k' in long words
- mainly in the middle of words
54
'ch' at the start makes a sound like
'ch' not a hard 'c' - generally
55
'cu' makes what sound
q
56
qu makes what sound
kw
57
'kw' is spelt xx in english
qu
58
When do we use 'pp' or 'p'
'pp' after short vowel - (this is also true for dd, ff, zz, etc..)
'p' after everything else
59
the sound of 'il' is spelt like
'le'
simple, temple
pattern of 'ple' spelling for 'pil' sounds
60
Rule for 'able' or 'ible'
- 'able' is most common and used to end most words (bear'able)
- 'able' is also used after a vowel, hard c or g and soft ge
- 'ible' is used in non-words (terr'ible) - is used after a soft c or g
61
'able' is used for what type of words
most are adjectives derived from a verb
62
Rule for 'able' or 'ible' with 's' sounds
- soft 'c' us ible
- 'z' us able
63
When should you use able vs ible
- able after it (charitable)
- tible if ending in consonant (Deductible)
64
change 'le' to 'il' when
converting an adjective to a noun
capable - capability
65
"ll" is used in what length of word
short words
(long words are l only)
66
Sell vs Seldom rule
"l+consonant' Seldom
"ll" when not next to consonant
67
LL when adding a suffix rule
Keep the "ll" to keep the vowel short
typical for adding suffix to root words (Call, Caller, Calling)
68
Long words end with one or two 'l' s
one
69
When turning an adjective, careful, to an adverb what do you do
add 'ly' - double ll
Carefully
70
Add an extra 'l' to the middle of long words when the middle letter is
Hard
Control > Controlled > Controlling
71
Does a long word with a 2V+L pattern require an other L
No
Zealous, boulevard, Jealous
72
"or" over ar or er when
after an 'ss' or t
professor, doctor
73
"ar" over or and er when
in negative words
all other are "ER"
74
How is 'ur' and 'ir' the same?
the same sound and are both r controlled words
need to memorise
75
'al' is used in what type of words?
adjectives and where there is a 'cal' or 'ial' pattern and negative words
liberal, typical, trial
76
where is 'ul' used in the spelling of a word
typically in the middle - angular
77
ending with "ian" to describe
people (Hungarian)
78
Ending with "ion" to describe
Things (Onion, Champion)
79
Ending with "ean" or "an"
occur in few examples (Cuban, European)
80
End with "cious" when the word is
when a stand along adjective
Delicious, gracious, anxious
81
End in "tious' when the word can be
converted from verb to adjective
Ambition > Ambitious
82
Ending in "ede" over 'eed" when
negative connotation
Recede, concede (negative)
Succeed, exceed (positive)
83
'ey' occurs in this type of word after these two letters only
nouns, after 'k' or 'l' (Key, monkey, whiskey, galley) (Luck is not a nouns so it is lucky)
84
"a-e" over 'ai' for what type of word
'a-e' in verbs and 'ai' in nouns
Made and Maid
85
"ei" after 'c' rule
when two vowels are walking the first does the talking (E, silent I)
86
'es' after which combos of words
sh, ch, x, z, ss
87
Why do we use 'i' for 'crisis' and 'e' for "crises"
"i" makes it singular
"e' makes it plural
88
French derivative words end in this pattern to be silent and the double patter to pronounce
'et' to be silent (Ballet, valet
"ette" dinette, corvette
89
Usually this type of word follows a hyphenated word
noun as in
down-to-earth person
Far-off land
Back-to-back classes
90
When spelling out numbers, they should be
hyphenated
Twenty-one
91
ff, zz, ll, and ss are double after a
short vowel
exceptions are prefix 'dis-' and "mis-'
92
silent letter have what job
to protect the short vowel
93
Most words end in 'se', in what patter uses 'ce'? (Revisit Question 61)
to keep the 'c' soft and typically in a noun or pronoun, like Bruce
94
Silent 'e' has a dual function with words
- keep the 'c' soft (Fence) and/or
- make the vowel long (hope)
95
Silent 'o' is to
differentiate homonyms
- Doug v. dug
other words started to use the pattern, couple, country, people
96
How many patterns sounds are there with 'h'
11
- sh, th, ch, ph, wh, gh (all with these 6 patterns)
97
We double the 't' when it is presented in this patter
double if the middle syllable starts with a consonant, 'mit' Admitted
- if 'it' is alone, lim-it, it is spelt with one t , limited
98
We double the 'r' when it is presented in this patter
double if the middle syllable starts with a consonant, 'cur' occur>occurring
99
We double the 'n or t ' when it is presented in this patter
double if the middle syllable starts with a consonant, and is stressed
Acquit > acquitted
Cancel > cancelled
100
Consonants do not double when
when the middle syllable is not stressed
- similar , differ, different
or after long vowel
- interfere, cohere
101
What is a schwa?
is the name given to any weak, unstressed or barley heard sound of a vowel
permanent, poetry, memory or virus
102
describe the semivowel theory
semivowels are consonants, but have the sound of their own
103
What are the semi vowels
l, m, n, r, s
104
j v. g - j cannot do what
end a word or syllable
a j is usually at the beginning of a word or syllable (job, ad.just)
105
a 'j' is a soft g where a g cannot be - a soft g cannot make this sounds
'ja" or "jo' or 'ju'
a 'j' can only be followed by a vowel
106
A 'j' cannot make this sound
a hard g
which must be spelt with a 'g' (Stage)
107
a consonant 'w' makes what sounds
- 'w' makes long u (few, nephew, curfew)
- Long 'o' in grow, snow
special 'a' vowel in law
108
'y' make a long 'i' sound when
- ends words or syllables (by, my, bypass)
-'y-e' pattern as in type, style
- is an inside syllable =, gym or lynn
109
y makes a 'e' sounds
at the end of long words, happy, history
110
ay or oy makes a what sound
long vowel sounds - as in play, day, boy or toy
111
When do you keep the y, when do you change it to an i
- keep the y when preceded by a vowel (es,ed,ing, oy) flying, frying
- change to i when next to consonant, pay to paid ( no 'ii' pattern in english)
112
"y" is changed to an 'i' if the next letter is
a consonant
-Pay> paid (consonant)
- play> played (vowel next to y, with ed)
113
the 'y' in 'ify' changes to 'ifi" is
when adding a suffix that starts with a vowel (ed, es, est, able)
Unify > unified
114
y inside words sounds like
hard i - b/c homonyms
Die, dye
115
How do you spell the long 'a 'sounds
"ai" - Main, pain
"a-e" fate
116
How do you spell the long i sounds
'ie'
Tie, lie
117
How may different patters are there for the long 'o'
3
"oe" toe (typically ends words)
"oa" coat (typically in the middle)
"ou" soul (typically in the middle
"o-e" hope
118
How may different patters are there for the long 'u'
3
"ue' Clue (to end a word)
"ui" fruit (in the middle of a word)
"u-e' cute
119
How may different patters are there for the long 'e'
3
"ee" for most verbs - meet
"ea" for most nouns - meat
"i-e" ex. routine
120
How may different patters are there for the long 'i'
2
"i-e" hike
"y-e" type, analyse
121
generally short vowel are followed by
two consonants + e
or one consonant without the e
122
a short e could be spelt like a long e like this
"ea"
head, bread, sweate
123
a short u can be spelt like
"ou" doug
"o"son
"oo" flood
124
what are the 9 rule for syllables
1) compound words - break into components
2) if ends in consonant +le - divide from there
3) split a double consonant down the middle
4) divide most two consonants in the middle of the word - dentist
5) divide the prefix
6) divide the suffix
7) divide two vowels next to each other if they each have a sound (bias)
8) divide from shortV + consonant (cover)
9) divide after long vowel
