Rules

Question 1

Devoicing of plosives in word inital position

Answer 1

/b d g/ usually voicless in WI position (sound similar to WI /p t k/)
Shown using (  ̥ ) diacritic

Question 2

Devoicing of obstruents in word final position

Answer 2

/b d g v ð z ʒ dʒ/ often voiceless in WF position (vowel length also slightly longer before these devoiced obstruents)
Shown using (  ̥ ) diacritic

Question 3

Aspiration

Answer 3

Occurs on /p t k/ (voiceless plosives) in the onset of a stressed syllable.
Shown using ( xʰ ) diacritic.
No aspiration in s- /p t k/ clusters. If initial /s/ deleted then still no aspiration and would sound quite similar to /b d g/.

Question 4

Devoicing of liquids and glides

Answer 4

/l r w j/ devoiced when following /p t k/
BEFORE A STRESSED VOWEL
but NOT in /s/-clusters.
Shown using ( ̥ ) diacritic

Question 5

Dentalisation of alveolar sounds

Answer 5

Alveolar plosives /t d n/ and alveolar approximant /l/ are dentalised before dental fricatives /θ ð/.
e.g. pan and panther: [ˈpʰæn] and [ˈpʰæn̪θə]
Diacritic = ( ̪)

Question 6

Clear /l/ (or plain /l/)

Answer 6

Occurs in syllable onset

Question 7

Dark or velarised /l/ = ɫ

Answer 7

Occurs in syllable rhyme

Question 8

Plosives: no audible release ( ̚)

Answer 8

First plosive in sequence of 2 plosives;
first and second in sequence of 3 plosives;
plosive in plosive+affricate sequence;
e.g.
make-believe [meɪˀk̚b̥ɪliːv]
wiped clean [waɪˀp̚t̚kl̥iːn]
big church [b̥ɪɡ̚ tʃɜːˀtʃ]
ALSO in two of same sound and same place of articulation:
bookcase [b̥ʊˀk̚keɪs] big car [b̥ɪɡ̚ kʰɑː]

Question 9

Syllabic consonants ( ˌ )

Answer 9

/l/ and /n/ (and more rarely /m/ and /ŋ/) may be syllabic when the syllable is unstressed and not word-initial.
e.g. bottle [b̥ɒtˡɫ̩] sudden [sʌdn̩]
buckle [b̥ʌkɫ̩] rustle [ɹʌsɫ̩]

Question 10

glottalisation of voiceless stops and affricates (xˀ)

Answer 10

Glottal stop is produced in addition to /p t k tʃ/ in syllable final position.
The closing of the glottis happens at the same time as, or slightly before, the closure for the [p] ([t] [k] or [tʃ]); and the glottal closure is released during the closure phase of the [p] [t] [k] or [tʃ]). e.g. cat [kʰæˀt]