Rulership, to Charlemagne

Question 1

when was the Sutton Hoo helmet found?

Answer 1

in 1939 in East Anglia

Question 2

what does the Sutton Hoo helmet exemplify?

Answer 2

the changes from Roman rule to barbarian (beyond the Empire) kingship

Question 3

what was the main form of rulership that emerged after the Roman period?

Answer 3

kingship

Question 4

what were some influences on medieval concepts of kingship?

Answer 4

pre-Roman and non-Roman concepts, Roman administration, military and civil service collapse, biblical rulers

Question 5

what is Temair/Tara?

Answer 5

a prehistoric site and traditional centre of kingship in Ireland

Question 6

how many kingdoms were there in Ireland around 800 AD?

Answer 6

as many as 100

Question 7

what marks the end of Roman rule in Brittania?

Answer 7

the year 410 AD

Question 8

what are some of the major early kingdoms in Brittania?

Answer 8

Mercia, Rheged, Gwynedd, among others

Question 9

what was the heptarchy?

Answer 9

the seven major English kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex, Kent, and Wessex

Question 10

what does the Staffordshire Hoard indicate?

Answer 10

the wealth and military connections of the Mercian kingdom

Question 11

which kings were known for writing laws in Old English in the 7th century?

Answer 11

Alfred the Great of Wessex and Hywel Da of Gwynedd

Question 12

what was the significance of women like Rhianifellt (princess of Rheged) and Bertha (Frankish princess) in medieval rulership?

Answer 12

they held political power and influenced significant events, such as marriages and religious conversions

Question 13

what advantage did the Frankish kingdoms have over the British ones?

Answer 13

much larger, less kingdoms, under the control of one dynasty - a ruling family

Question 14

what did Charlemagne use to perpetuate Roman ideas of rule?

Answer 14

coinage in the style of Roman coins

Question 15

what was the Carolingian Empire built on?

Answer 15

the framework of the Merovingian kingdoms

Question 16

who crowned Charlemagne as Emperor?

Answer 16

Pope Leo III

Question 17

what was a major infrastructure achievement of Byzantium?

Answer 17

the basilica cistern and aqueducts

Question 18

who was Empress Theodora?

Answer 18

a powerful and influential woman in Byzantium, known as chief advisor and target of riots

Question 19

what did the survival of bureaucracy in Byzantium signify?

Answer 19

continuity from the Roman Empire

Question 20

when is King Arthur first mentioned?

Answer 20

9th and 10th century Welsh texts

Question 21

what distinguishes the early kingdoms of Britannia in the 7th century?

Answer 21

regional kings fighting against one another

Question 22

what geographic distinctions existed in early medieval Britannia?

Answer 22

there were distinctions between east and west (language divide) and north and south (peaceful vs militarised)

Question 23

what was Yeavering and its significance?

Answer 23

a site in Northumberland with large timber halls, representing the departure from Roman traditions and showing a mix of Roman and local influences

Question 24

what does the Staffordshire Hoard reveal about international connections?

Answer 24

it includes items with materials like garnets imported from Sri Lanka, showing wide trade routes and connections

Question 25

who was Iurminburg and what was her significance?

Answer 25

the wife of Northumbrian king Ecgfrith, politically influential, and had her own soldiers

Question 26

what did the Byzantine-Sassanian war (602-628 AD) demonstrate about Byzantium?

Answer 26

the enduring strength and resilience of Byzantine rulership and military power