Rst

Question 1

What was the first contrast agent used for opacification of the urinary tract?

Answer 1

10% sodium iodide solution

This was injected intravenously in 1923.

Question 2

In what year was the first tri-iodinated compound, sodium acetrizoate, introduced into clinical radiology?

Answer 2

1952

Sodium acetrizoate was based on a 6-carbon ring structure, tri-iodo benzoic acid.

Question 3

What are high osmolar contrast media (HOCM) characterized by?

Answer 3

Ionic compounds with osmolalities of 1200-2000 mosmol/kg

This is 4-7 times the osmolarity of blood.

Question 4

Who first postulated that high osmolality caused adverse effects of contrast media?

Answer 4

Almén in 1969

He suggested that eliminating the cation could reduce toxicity.

Question 5

What is the typical iodine to particle ratio in conventional ionic contrast media?

Answer 5

3:2 or 1.5

This indicates three iodine atoms per molecule to two particles in solution.

Question 6

What was the goal in developing low osmolar contrast medium (LOCM) agents?

Answer 6

To decrease osmolality without changing iodine concentration

Achieved by increasing the ratio of iodine atoms to dissolved particles.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The first compound synthesized in 1928 contained a number of _______ rings.

Answer 7

pyridine

This compound was developed to detoxify iodine.

Question 8

What is the name of the ionic dimer that combines two tri-iodinated benzene rings?

Answer 8

ioxaglate (Hexabrix)

It has six iodine atoms per anion.

Question 9

True or False: All contrast media used until the early 1970s were non-ionic compounds.

Answer 9

False

All contrast media were ionic compounds until that time.