rst Flashcards
Anterior (ventral)
front
Posterior (dorsal)
back
Superior (cranial)
upper
Inferior (caudal)
lower
Medial
midline
Lateral
Away from midline
Proximal
Point of origin
Distal
away from point of origin
Superficial
external/surface
Deep
internal/beneath surface
Body cavities (There are 4!)
Dorsal - cranial, spinal
Ventral - thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
(Diaphragm separates thoracic from abdominopelvic)
Homeostasis
maintenance of a constant environment in the
How to heat up?
Vasoconstriction
Piloerection
How would we control body temp by cooling?
Sweating
Vasodilation
How to control glucose levels
Excess glucose turns into glycogen in liver.
2 Hormones: insulin - delivers glucose to liver
glucagon - converts glycogen into glucose in blood
Control water levels
Via Kidneys
- Urea is waste made when liver breaks down proteins
1) filter
2) Reabsorb sugar
3) Reabsorb water
4) excrete waste
Terms of human body
(physiology, anatomy)
Physiology - study of body anatomy
Anatomy - study of structure
Tissues
Epithelial - Covers surface, forms lining
Connective - Supports and binds
Muscle - skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Nerve - carries messages via body
Cancer
Causes
Normal vs Cancerous
Prevention
Uncontrolled cell division - groth/lump damaging tissues and organs
carcinogens, heredity
oncogenes dont carry out normal functions
avoid sun exposure, tanning, etc
Infection control
Some infectious biological agents
3 Types
Bacteria, - multiply quickly + remain non-active surrounded by spore coat
viruses, smallest; difficult to destroy, can grow inside cells, spread by blood/body fluid, few anti-virals
and fungi - (Yeasts + Molds) lives off dead matter
Chain of infection
(6 Factors)
- Pathogen (causes disease)
- Reservoir (environment like people, insects, formite)
- Portal of Exit (body opening, nucous membbrane, breaksin skin)
- Mode of transmission (direct, indirect, droplet/airborne, etc)
- Portal of Entry (respiration, GI tract, etc)
- Susceptible host (person with immunocompromised)
Sterilization AND Disinfection
Sterilization - BESt way to kill microbes, autoclave uses steam under pressure
Disinfection - Strong chemicals to kill; used on objects,
Proper body mechanics
To reduce strain on lumbar muscle,
Position - weight close as possible
Height - Slightly above level of middle finger
Body position - multiple muscles
Max weight - less than 35%
careful when lifting things above, big base of support, maintain alignment with head/vertabrae
Integumentary system
Function??
Protects body from -injury AND harmful microbes AND UV rays
Maintain body temp
Excretion of waste via perspiring
Sensory organ
What are the layers of skin?
- Epidermis - stratum corneum, stratum germinatum (melanin + nerve endings)
- Dermis - w/connective tissue (capillaries, lymph cells, sebaceous glands, etc) - top (papillary)
- Subcutaneous layer - btwn dermis and inner organs, w/ fatty tissue + fibrous tissue
Skin appendages??
Hair - protects against dust, foreign particles, etc
Nails - hard keratin, grasp and scratch
Sweat glands - from apocrine glands, “diaphoresis” , secreted via pores, called sebum.
BURNs..
3 Degrees
Body tissue is in contact w/ heat, corrosive chemical, radiation, high volt (over 44C)
Risk for infection, pain, etc
Extent of surface area + severity is a risk factor
1st: superficial
2nd: epidermis + dermis,
3rd: all layers of skin, requires help!
Malignant melanoma
cancer in melanocytes, can metastasize
brown irregular dot, usually cureable
Skeletal system
Functions? (6)
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Mineral Storage
- Blood cell production
- Energy storage
Joints (and Types)
2 bones meet (give mobility)
-fixed, semi-moveable, synovial
> ball+socket(big ROM), hinge(Back/Forth), sliding(small slidde), pivot (side-side)
Body positions
Fowler’s - semi-sitting
Supine - back-lying
Lateral - side-lying
Sim’s - left-side-lying
Prone - front-lying
Sitting
Muscular system
What types of muscle??
Skeletal - striated, voluntary
Smooth - no striated, involuntary
Cardiac - <3 striated, involuntary
Muscle atrophy
inactivity
Body movement
Circulatory system
Blood flow in heart??
Heart anatomy
4 Chambers - 2 ventricles (below), 2 atriums (above)
septum, superior vena cava, etc. Know this!!
Interior Heart
w/ mitral or bicuspid valve(left side), and tricuspid valve (right)
Blood Vessles
Artery - carry blood AWAY from <3, great pressure thus muscular (red excpt pulmonary artery)
Vain - Carry blood TOWARD <3 (blue excpt pulmonary veins)
Capillaries
Blood Components
Plasma 55% - yellow fluid
- RBC - erythro, hemoglobin
- WBC - leuko, fight infection
- Platelets - thrombo, help in clotting
Heart Sounds
Lub - AV valves close
Dub - SL valves close
Respiratory system
Protective mechanisms??
Ribs articulate w/vertabrae, allow movement when breathing
Antagonistic muscles, w/ trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli
O2 and Co2 exchange
- Oxygen enters lungs and passes into alveoli
- Deoxygenated blood c/ co2 comes out
> oxygen diffused into blood, c02,
- C02 leaves lung
- Oxygenated blood goes to bloodstream
Mechanism of breathing
Intercostal muscles contract, pullling rib out and diaphragm flattens, we breathe in
Muscles relax, chest cavity smaller, breathe out
Digestive system
Anatomy??
Nervous system
What is a nerve cell??
Made up of dendrites, axon terminal, axon,
Components of nervous system
Central nervous system - brain.spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system a cranial nerves
Brain anatomy
Where is.. corpus callosum, cerebrum, berebral cortex, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occiptal lobe, cerebellum
Nutrition
What are carbs, proteins, fats???
Carbs - energy/fibre for bowel elimination (simple sugar, starch, fibre) - 4 cal
Proteins - for tissue growth + repair, 4 cal
Fats - Energy + fibre for bowel elimination(saturated, unsaturated, trans)
Fuctions of digestive system?
breakdown of food into absorbable units to distribute to blood cells
Stomach - physical and chemical digest
Esophaus - push food down in peristalsis
Small intestine - break large particles
Large I: Converts liquid chyme into feces
and etc, etc
How are the body systems interconnected??
Nervous System – produces involuntary movements and functions such as lets you know when you’re tired
Digestive System – absorbs and excretes materials into the bloodstream
Circulatory/Cardiovascular System – helps circulate blood and other nutrients to all of the body.
ex. Skeletal system gives muscle something to pull against, protecs the mouth esophagus stomach, protects trachea windpipes, protects heart + produce RBC, protects kidneys, protects brain and spine
spinal cord delivers messages from brain to body
Label some parts of the integumentary system
Label parts of the muscular system
Label parts of the skeletal system
Label parts of the respiratory system
Label parts of heart
Lapel parts of the digestive system
