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Pathology RS > RS Pathology Test 1 > Flashcards

RS Pathology Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A 15 year old male patient presents for a right knee series after sustaining a Varus injury while playing football. AP, lateral, and both oblique radiographs of the knee demonstrate an avulsion fracture of the lateral tibial plateau (segond fractures). What additional imaging modality would be best utilized in the diagnosis for this patient?

A

MRI

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2
Q

Diseases that are present at birth from genetic or environmental factors are classified as:

A

Congenital

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3
Q

Which primary bone tumor should be investigated with the utilization of CT?

A

Osteoid osteoma

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4
Q

“Brittle bone” disease is also known as:

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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5
Q

The forward slippage of one vertebra on another describes the pathology:

A

Spondylolisthesis

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6
Q

A protein coat surrounding a genome of either RNA or DNA without an organized cellular structure best describes which type of microorganism?

A

Virus

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7
Q

What skeletal pathology could be a contributing factor for a cervical rib?

A

Transitional vertebrae

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8
Q

The sequence of events producing cellular changes following injury best defines:

A

pathogenesis

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9
Q

A genetic disorder caused by an abnormality on one of the 22 none-sex chromosomes is considered:

A

Autosomal

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10
Q

An abnormal disturbance of the function and structure of the human body following injury refers to:

A

Disease

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11
Q

The most common form of arthritis is:

A

Osteoarthritis

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12
Q

Diseases caused by the disturbance of normal physiologic functions are classified as:

A

Metabolic

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13
Q

The study of the cause of disease is termed:

A

Etiology

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14
Q

Which neoplasm involves a nidus?

A

Osteoid osteoma

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15
Q

Which of the following characteristics does NOT assist the differentiation between a primary metastatic bone lesion as compared to a secondary metastatic bone lesion?

A

Calcification of blood vessels

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16
Q

The lymph node into which the primary neoplasm drains during metastasis is termed the ______ node?

A

Sentinel

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17
Q

In classification of a tumor using the TNIM system, the T refers to the:

A

Size of the primary tumor

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18
Q

Spondylolysis is a result of a cleft or defect in the vertebral:

A

Pars interarticularis

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19
Q

Osteopetrosis requires what type of technical factor change?

A

Increase

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20
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease

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21
Q

Symptom

A

What we can see

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22
Q

Syndrome

A

signs and symptoms that characterize something as abnormal

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22
Q

Sign

A

What we can’t see

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23
Q

Etiology

A

study of the cause of disease

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24
Q

Nosocomial

A

Hospital acquired infection

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25
Q

Iatrogenic

A

something that happens because of a health care worker

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26
Q

Idiopathic

A

no cause identified for the disease

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27
Q

Acute

A

short term, sudden, onset

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28
Q

Chronic

A

slow manifestation

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29
Q

Sequelae

A

Long lasting effects

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30
Q

Diagnosis

A

how to identify disease

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31
Q

Prognosis

A

course of disease, what it might look like

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32
Q

Subtractive/lytic/destructive

A

decrease exposure factors

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33
Q

Additive/sclerotic

A

something is growing and making that tissue more dense or harder to penetrate thru

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34
Q

Epidemiology

A

investigation of disease, specific to large groups

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35
Q

Prevalence

A

number of cases of disease, specific to a certain population

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36
Q

Incidence

A

number of new cases in a given period of time

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37
Q

NCHS National Center for Health Statistics

A

Collects death certificates and studies trends (cause and manner)

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38
Q

Medicaid

A

Financial health care support

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39
Q

Medicare

A

Elderly health care support

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40
Q

Physical Map

A

location of the gene on the chromosomes

41
Q

Genetic map

A

specifically assigns the difference between genetic markers

42
Q

Heredity

A

(sex, age, environment, immunity, allergy, nutrition, previous exposure to injury)

43
Q

Virulence

A

Ease of which an organism can overcome the body’s defenses

44
Q

Palliative

A

often related to end-of-life care

45
Q

Blastic

A

Growth

46
Q

Lydic

A

Eats tissue

47
Q

Anaplasia

A

loss of normal differentiation

48
Q

Disease classifications

A

TNM system emerged in 50s and endorsed by AJCC

T-tumor size (T0-T4)

N-node (lymph nodes involved?) number of nodes involved (0-3)

M- metastases (has it spread?) (0 or 1)

Addition of numbers indicates the extend of malignancy and progressive increase in size or involvement of tumor (T0-T4)

49
Q

3 types of joints:

A

Fibrous/synarthrodial

Cartilaginous/amphiarthodial

Intervertebral joints

50
Q

MRI

A

soft tissue and ligaments

51
Q

CT

A

Bone

52
Q

Nuclear medicine

A

Radiation comes from the patient

53
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

CLCN7 gene, marble bone, radiographic appearance and change in technical factors- additive pathology

54
Q

Achondroplasia

A

most common inherited disorder, autosomal dominant gene at 4p chromosomes (FGFR3 gene), treatment

55
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of atypical cartilage, less common (less than 10% of malignant skeletal tumors), 5-year survival rate 40%

56
Q

Ewing sarcoma:

A

Malignancy bone tumor occurring between ages 5-15 years, arises from medullary canal and can affect entire shaft of long bones, extremely malignant, onionskin or laminated appearance

57
Q

Osteosarcoma:

A

Most common on primary malignancy except for myeloma, arises from osteoblasts, poor prognosis

58
Q

Giant cell tumor (GCT):

A

Presence of osteoclastic giant cells, may be either benign or malignant, soap bubble

59
Q

Osteoblastoma

A

Larger than 2 cm, involves spine,
not associated with any bony reaction

osteolytic reaction

60
Q

Osteoid osteoma:

A

Smaller than 2 cm, involves femur and tibia
may have extreme pain
radiolucent area in the nidus

61
Q

Enchondroma

A

slow growing and composed of cartilage (often seen in the marrow space)

62
Q

Osteoma

A

hyperostosis frontalis interna

63
Q

Osteochondroma (exostosis

A

most common benign bone tumor, exostoses

64
Q

(UBC)- simple unicameral bone cyst

A

seen in long bones of kids- decrease technical factors

65
Q

Staging system for bone tumors

A

Enneking, Benign tumors stage 1,2,3

Malignant tumors I, II, III and include histologic grade, extent of tumor, presence of metastic disease

66
Q

Both anterior and posterior

A

unstable fx

67
Q

Anterior or posterior fx-

A

stable fx

68
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

most common at L5-S1

69
Q

Benign

A

osteoma, osteochondroma, giant cell tumor

70
Q

Malignant

A

osteosarcoma (metaphasis), Ewing tumor (medullary tissue), multiple myeloma (plasma cells) results in skeletal destructions

71
Q

OMA

A

new growth

72
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

primary, secondary (over producing calcium)

73
Q

Acromegaly

A

a rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormone, causing body tissues and bones to grow more quickly

74
Q

Osteoporosis

A

major cause of fractures of hip, spine and wrist, treatment- hormone replacement therapy

75
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis:

A

Marie-strumpell disease (more common in men)

Mainly involves vertebral column

Bamboo spine

Blood serum analysis

Treatment

76
Q

-Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA):

A

younger than 16 at onset, symptoms of arthritis in one or more joints at elast 6 weeks, onset assigned to one of three JRA onset types

Pauiarticular- 4 or less

Polyarticular- 5 or more

Systemic- joints or organs

77
Q

-Gouty arthritis

A

-Generally involves MTP joint of great toe

-Excessive uric acid levels

-Tophi

-Serum blood analysis

-Treatment

78
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

Presence of autoantibody, known as serologic rheumatoid factor (RF), surgical intervention, ACR/EULAR criteria

Synovitis in at least one joint

Absense of alternative diagnosis for synovitis

6 or greater from domains of: Number and site of involved joints, serologic abnormality, elevated acute phase response, symptom duration

79
Q

Arthropathies

A

arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, tenosynovitis

80
Q

Psoriatic with psoriasis

A

associated with psoriasis, rheumatoid like and affects mostly DIP joints of hand and feet

81
Q

Reiter syndrome-

A

variant of rheumatoid arthritis, associated with bacterial infections, SI joints, calcaneus, toes, “lovers” heel, nuclear medicine, treatment

82
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Pott disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Most commonly affects hip, knee and spine

Radiographic appearance

83
Q

Sequestrum

A

Dead or DE vascularized bone

84
Q

Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Group B streptococci

A

Contiguous infections

Direct introductions of microorganism

Elevated ESR or CPR

85
Q

Craniosynostoses

A

often associated with Apert syndrome

86
Q

Anencephaly

A

neural tube defect, brain and cranial volt do not form, sonography

87
Q

Larsen syndrome-

A

mutation of FLNB gene affecting production of filament B protein

88
Q

Classifications of Fractures:

A

Condition of the skin (open or closed wound)

Mechanical stress- torsion/twisting, transverse, linear, spiral, impacted, avulsion, burst

Location

Common terms

89
Q

Hypertrophy

A

an increase and growth of muscle cells

90
Q

Hyperplasia

A

a condition where an organ or tissue increases in size due to an increase in cell production

91
Q

Metaplasia

A

Transforms a cell from one form to another; caused by external stimulus; can be reversible; less likely to lead to cancer

92
Q

Dysplasia

A

Transforms a cell into an abnormal version of itself; caused by internal stimulus; is not reversible; more likely to lead to cancer

93
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

A

-classified I-VII

Mutations in structural genes that encode alpha 1 and alpha 2 peptides of type ! Collagen

OI congenita

OI tarda

Radiographic appearance

94
Q

Polydactyly

A

a condition in which a person has more than five fingers or toes on one, or on each, hand or foot.

95
Q

Club foot- Talipes

A

a congenital foot deformity that causes one or both feet to turn inward and downward

96
Q

Paget disease/osteitis deformans

A

a chronic disorder that causes bones to grow abnormally, resulting in bone deformity and weakness.

97
Q

Non union vs malunion

A

malunion is when a broken bone heals abnormally, while a nonunion is when a broken bone doesn’t heal at all

98
Q

Manifestation

A

a visible or outward expression of a disease or abnormal condition

99
Q

Classifications of disease:

A

Congenital- disease present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors
Hereditary- caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent onto the child through their abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes
Inflammatory-disease that results from the body’s reaction to a localized injurious agent (debridement)
Degenerative- disease caused by a deterioration of the body and are also a process of aging
Metabolic-disease caused by the disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body (fluid imbalance, endocrine disorders, homeostasis)
Traumatic- disease that may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the body
Neoplastic- disease that results in new abnormal tissue growth (lesion, benign neoplasm, malignant neoplasm, metastatic spread)

Pathology RS (2 decks)

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