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Year 2: Human Anatomy and Physiology > RS: Kidney Disease > Flashcards

RS: Kidney Disease Flashcards

1
Q

How is kidney filtration a good measure of renal health?

A

Reduction in kidney filtration may imply progressive kidney disease

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2
Q

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

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3
Q

What is the approximate GFR in makes and females?

A

Males: 125ml/min
Females: 115ml/min

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4
Q

What is the calculation for net filtration pressure?

A

Net filtration pressure = glomerular hydrostatic pressure - (Bowman’s capsule pressure + glomerular osmotic pressure)

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5
Q

What is the calculation for eGFR?

A

GFR= Kf x Net filtration pressure, where Kf is the glomerular filtration coefficient pressure per minute

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6
Q

How is the eGFR calculated?

A

Calculated by calculating the removal of creatinine from the body. Creatinine is a continuously produced by-product of muscle metabolism that is totally excreted by the kidneys, in the urea.

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7
Q

What factors cause the variation in creatinine production amongst individuals?

A

Sex, age, gender, and muscular physique and composition

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8
Q

What molecules are used as markers of kidney function?

A

Urea and creatinine

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9
Q

What is the normal level of creatinine in the urine?

A

62-106mol/L

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10
Q

How does age effect kidney function?

A

Kidney function declines with age because the number of functioning nephrons decreases and the GFR also decreases. This can lead to a reduction in the rate of renal clearance of drugs and a reduction in the capacity of an individual to respond to homeostatic changes.

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11
Q

What are the indicators of kidney disease?

A
  1. Reduced GFR
  2. Increased blood urea
  3. Increased serum creatinine levels
  4. Hypertension
  5. Abnormal urinalysis results
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12
Q

What happens when there is a loss of excretory function in the kidneys?

A

Retention of urea, creatinine, phosphate ions and drugs

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13
Q

What happens when there is a loss of regulatory function in the kidneys?

A

Retention of NaCl, water (oedema and hypertension), potassium (cardiac arrhythmia), and acid (acidosis)

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14
Q

What is the treatment for kidney disease?

A

Dialysis

Haemofiltration

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15
Q

What happens during dialysis?

A

Blood is perfumed in a countercurrent system against dialysate fluid.

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16
Q

What is haemofiltration?

A

Haemofiltration is a process that removes water, through a porous filter, and replaces it with an electrolyte solution

17
Q

What is CKD?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease: progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function and functional nephrons over months to years.

18
Q

What are the risk factors for CKD?

A 
Diabetes mellitus 
Hypertension 
Age
Sedentary lifestyle 
Obesity
Glomerulonephritis (immunological)
Polycystic Disease (congenital)
19
Q

Why are mortality rates high in patients receiving dialysis?

A

Many uraemia toxins, including protein-bound and high molecular weight toxins, remain in the blood.

Patients receiving dialysis have been linked to high levels of cardiovascular co-morbidity (multiple diseases) and mortality (death) rates. Not all body toxins can be removed by dialysis, but can be removed by absorption currently being trialled in in-line therapy to augment haemodialysis.

20
Q

What is AKI?

A

Acute Kidney Injury: loss of kidney function over days.

21
Q

What are the causes of AKI?

A

Decreased blood supply to the kidneys (injuries, sepsis, heart failure), intra-renal abnormalities (poisons, drugs, ischemia) and post-renal obstructions (kidney stones).

22
Q

What happens when there is the failure to produce EPO in the kidneys?

A

Palor and anaemia

23
Q

What happens when there is failure to balance fluid by the kidneys?

A

Oedema and breathlessness

24
Q

What happens when there is a failure to regulate electrolytes by the kidneys?

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

25
Q

What happens when there is lack of vitamin D3 production by the kidneys?

A

Bone disorders

26
Q

What happens when there is failure to excrete waste products by the kidney?

A

Raised blood urea and creatinine concentrations

27
Q

What happens when there is failure to balance acid-base by the kidneys?

A

Low blood pH and bicarbonate levels leading to acidosis and shallow breathing

Year 2: Human Anatomy and Physiology (18 decks)

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