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A Level RS > RS Key Terms > Flashcards

RS Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Forms

A

A name Plato gave to ideal concepts

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2
Q

Reason

A

Using logical steps and thought processes in order to reach conclusions

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3
Q

Rationalist

A

Someone who thinks that the primary source of knowledge is experience gained through the five senses

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4
Q

Empiricist

A

Someone who thinks that the primary source of knowledge is experience gained through the five senses

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5
Q

Prime Mover

A

Aristotle’s concept of the ultimate cause of movement and change in the universe

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6
Q

Socratic Method

A

The method of philosophical reasoning which involves critical questioning

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7
Q

Analogy

A

A comparison between one thing and another in an attempt to clarify meaning

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8
Q

Transcendent

A

Being beyond this world and outside the realms of ordinary experience

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9
Q

Dualism

A

The belief that reality can be divided into two distinct parts, such as good and evil, or physical and non-physical

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10
Q

Telos

A

The end, or purpose, of something

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11
Q

Theist

A

Someone who believes Ina God or gods

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12
Q

Soul

A

Often, but not always, understood to be the non-physical essence of a person

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13
Q

Consciousness

A

Awareness or perception

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14
Q

Substance dualism

A

The belief that the mind and body both exist as two distinct and separate entities

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15
Q

Scepticism

A

A questioning approach which does not take assumptions for granted

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16
Q

Materialism

A

The belief that only physical matter exists, and that the mind can be explained in physical terms as chemical activity in the brain

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17
Q

Reductive materialism

A

Otherwise known as identity theory - the view that mental events are identical with physical occurrences in the brain

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18
Q

Category error

A

A problem of language that arises when things are talked about as if they belong to one category when in fact they belong to another

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19
Q

Teleological

A

Looking to the end result or purpose (telos) in order to draw a conclusion about what is right and wrong

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20
Q

Cosmological

A

To do with the universe

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21
Q

Contingent

A

Depending on other things

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22
Q

Principle of Sufficient Reason

A

The principle that everything must have a reason to explain it

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23
Q

Sceptic

A

Someone who will not accept what others say without questioning and challenging

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24
Q

A posteriori argument

A

An argument which draws a conclusion based on observation through experience

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25
Q

Necessary existence

A

Existence which does not depend on anything else

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26
Q

A priori argument

A

An argument which draws a conclusion through the use of reason

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27
Q

Logical fallacy

A

Reasoning that has a flaw in its structure

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28
Q

Ontological

A

To do with the nature of existence

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29
Q

Predicate

A

A term which describes a distinctive characteristic of something

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30
Q

Epistemic distance

A

A distance in knowledge and understanding

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31
Q

Mystical experience

A

Experiences of God or of the supernatural which go beyond everyday sense experience

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32
Q

Conversion experience

A

An experience which produces a radical change in someone’s belief system

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33
Q

Corporate religious experience

A

religious experience which happen to a group of people ‘ as a body’

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34
Q

Principle of credulity

A

Swinburne’s principle that we should usually believe what our senses tell us we are perceiving

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35
Q

Principle of testimony

A

Swinburne’s principle that we should usually trust that other people are telling us the truth

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36
Q

Naturalistic explanation

A

an explanation referring to natural rather than supernatural causes

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37
Q

Neurophysiology

A

an area of science which studies the brain and the nervous system

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38
Q

Omnipotent

A

All-powerful

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39
Q

Omniscient

A

All-knowing

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40
Q

Omnibenevolent

A

all-good and all-loving

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41
Q

Inconsistent triad

A

the omnibenevolence and omnipotence of God, and the existence of evil in the world, are said to be mutually incompatible

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42
Q

Theodicy

A

an attempt to justify God in the face of evil in the world

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43
Q

Natural evil

A

evil and suffering caused by non-human agencies

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44
Q

Moral evil

A

the evil done and suffering caused by deliberate misuse of human free will

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45
Q

Privatio boni

A

a phrase used by Augustine to mean an absence of goodness

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46
Q

Deonotological

A

from the Latin for ‘duty’, ethics focused on the intrinsic rightness and wrongness of actions

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47
Q

Natural Law

A

a deontological theory based on behaviour that accords with given laws or moral rules that exist independently of human societies and systems

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48
Q

Synderesis

A

to follow the good and avoid the evil, the rule which all precepts follow

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49
Q

Secondary precepts

A

the laws which follow from primary precepts

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50
Q

Primary precepts

A

the most important rules in life - to protect life, to reproduce, to live in community, to teach the young and to believe in God

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51
Q

Practical reason

A

according to Aquinas, the tool which makes moral decisions

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52
Q

Eudaimonia

A

living well, as an ultimate end to life which all other actions should lead toward

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53
Q

Justice

A

notion of fair distribution of benefits for all

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54
Q

Pragmatism

A

acting, in moral situations, in a way that is practical, rather than purely ideologically

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55
Q

Relativism

A

the rejection of absolute moral standards, such as laws or rights

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56
Q

Positivism

A

proposes something as true or good without demonstrating it, as Fletcher posits love as good

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57
Q

Personalism

A

ethics centred on people, rather than laws or objects

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58
Q

Conscience

A

a faculty or function, possible of divine origin, that enables us to make moral decisions

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59
Q

Teleological ethics

A

moral goodness is determined by the end or result

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60
Q

Legalistic ethics

A

law-based moral decision-making

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61
Q

Situational ethics

A

ethics focused on the situation, rather than fixed rules

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62
Q

Agape

A

unconditional love, the only ethical norm in situationism

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63
Q

Extrinsically good

A

good defined with reference to the end rather than good in and of itself

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64
Q

Moral law

A

binding moral obligations

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65
Q

Maxims

A

moral rules, determined by reason

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66
Q

Summum Bonum

A

the highest, most supreme good

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67
Q

Categorical imperative

A

an unconditional moral obligation that is always binding irrespective of a person’s inclination or purpose

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68
Q

Hypothetical imperative

A

a moral obligation that applies only if one desires the implied goal

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69
Q

Kingdom of ends

A

an imagined future in which all people act in accordance with the moral law

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70
Q

Principle of utility

A

the idea that the choice that brings about the greatest good is the right choice

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71
Q

Hedonic calculus

A

the system for calculating the amount of pleasure or pain generated

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72
Q

Consequentialism

A

ethical theories that see morality as driven by the consequences, rather than the actions or character of those concerned

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73
Q

Act utilitarian

A

weighs up what to do on each individual occasion

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74
Q

Rule utilitarian

A

weighs up what to do in principle in all occasions of a certain kind

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75
Q

Non-treatment decision

A

withholding treatment or life support that is keeping a person alive

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76
Q

Active euthanasia

A

a deliberate action performed by a third party to kill a person

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77
Q

Sanctity of life

A

the idea that life is intrinsically sacred

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78
Q

Quality of life

A

a way of weighing the extrinsic experience of life, that affects or justifies whether or not it is worth continuing life

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79
Q

Personhood

A

the quality of human life that makes it worthy, usually linked to certain higher capacities

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80
Q

Autonomy and the right to die

A

the idea that human freedom should extend to decide the manner and time of death

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81
Q

Voluntary euthanasia

A

when a person’s life is ended painlessly by a third party at their own request

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82
Q

Non-voluntary euthanasia

A

when a person is unable to express their wish to die but there are reasonable grounds for ending their life painlessly

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83
Q

Dignity

A

the worth or quality of life

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84
Q

Palliative care

A

end-of-life care to make the person’s remaining moments of life as comfortable as possible

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85
Q

Involuntary euthanasia

A

When a person is killed against their wishes

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86
Q

Capitalism

A

an economic system based on the private ownership of how things are made and sold, in which businesses compete freely with each other in order to make profits

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87
Q

Shareholder

A

a person who has invested money in a business in return for a share of the profits

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88
Q

Corporate social responsinility

A

a sense that businesses have wider responsibilities than simply to their shareholders, including the communities they live and work in and to the environment

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89
Q

whistle-blowing

A

when an employee discloses wrongdoing to the employer or to the public

90
Q

globalisation

A

the integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures and policymaking around the world

91
Q

Stakeholder

A

a person who is affected by or involved in some form of relationship with a business

92
Q

consumerism

A

a set of social beliefs that put a high value on acquiring material things

93
Q

will

A

the part of human nature that makes free choices

94
Q

sin

A

disobeying the will and commands of God

95
Q

grace

A

God’s free and undeserved love for humanity

96
Q

the Fall

A

the biblical event in which Adam and Eve disobeyed God’s command, the imperfect state of humanity

97
Q

neoplatonism

A

philosophical thinking arising from the ideas of Plato

98
Q

redeemed

A

‘saved’ from sin by the sacrifice of Christ

99
Q

concordia

A

human friendship

100
Q

cupiditas

A

love of worldly things and of selfish desires

101
Q

caritas

A

a love of others and virtues

102
Q

concupiscence

A

uncontrollable desire for physical pleasures and material things

103
Q

ecclesia

A

heavenly society, in contrast with earthly society

104
Q

disembodied existence

A

existing without a physical body

105
Q

resurrection

A

living on after death in a glorified physical form in a new realm

106
Q

beatific vision

A

a face-to-face encounter with God

107
Q

purgatory

A

a place where people go, temporarily, after death to be cleansed of sin

108
Q

election

A

predestination, chosen by God for heaven or hell

109
Q

limited election

A

the idea that God only chooses a certain number of people for heaven

110
Q

original sin

A

a state of wrongdoing in which people are born because of the sin of Adam and Eve

111
Q

unlimited election

A

the view that all people are called to salvation but only a few will be saved

112
Q

universalism

A

the view that all people will be saved

113
Q

parable

A

a story told to highlight a moral message

114
Q

particular judgement

A

judgement for each person at the point of death

115
Q

parousia

A

the Second Coming of Christ

116
Q

faith

A

voluntary commitment to a belief without the need for complete evidence to support it

117
Q

Natural theology

A

drawing conclusions about the nature and activity of God by using reason and observing the world

118
Q

protestantism

A

a form of Christianity which rejects the authority of the Catholic Church and places a greater emphasis on the Bible and personal faith

119
Q

revelation

A

when God chooses to let himself be known

120
Q

Immediate revelation

A

where someone is given direct knowledge of God

121
Q

Mediate revelation

A

where someone gains knowledge of God in a secondary, non-direct way

122
Q

wisdom literature

A

a genre of writing from the ancient world, teaching about wisdom and virtue

123
Q

Son of God

A

a term for Jesus that emphasises that he is God incarnate

124
Q

liberator

A

someone who frees a group of people

125
Q

Rabbi

A

a Jewish teacher, often associated with having followers

126
Q

Homoousios

A

of the same substance or same being

127
Q

Word

A

from the Greek ‘logos’, another name for the second person of the Trinity

128
Q

Redemption

A

the action of saving or being saved from sin, error or evil

129
Q

incarnation

A

God born as a human being, in Jesus Christ

130
Q

Zealot

A

a member of the Jewish political/military movement that fought against Rome in the first century CE

131
Q

Messiah

A

in Christianity, Jesus Christ the Son of God. In Judaism, one who rises up against the oppression of the people of Israel

132
Q

Church tradition

A

the traditions of how Christian life in community works, the teaching of the Church handed down through time

133
Q

Sacred tradition

A

the idea that the revelation of Jesus is communicated in two ways - scripture and the teaching of the Pope and Church councils

134
Q

Discipleship

A

following the life, example and teaching of Jesus

135
Q

Cheap grace

A

grace that is received without any change in the recipient and is ultimately false as it cannot save

136
Q

Costly grace

A

grace followed by obedience to God’s command and discipleship

137
Q

Passion

A

Jesus’ sufferings at the end of his life

138
Q

Solidarity

A

an altruistic commitment to stand alongside and be with those less fortunate, the oppressed, those who suffer

139
Q

Omnipotent

A

all-powerful

140
Q

Omniscient

A

all-knowing

141
Q

Eternal

A

timeless, atemporal, being outside the constraints of time

142
Q

Everlasting

A

semitemperal, lasting forever on the same timeline as humanity

143
Q

Free will

A

the ability to make independent choices with real options

144
Q

Existentialism

A

a way of thinking that emphasises personal freedom of choice

145
Q

Immutable

A

Incapable of changing or being affected

146
Q

Agnosticism

A

the view that there is insufficient evidence for God, or the view that God cannot be known

147
Q

Truth-claim

A

a statement that asserts that something is factually true

148
Q

Apophatic Way (via negativa)

A

a way of speaking about God and theological ideas using only terms that say what God is not

149
Q

Cataphatic Way (via positiva)

A

a range of ways of speaking about God and theological ideas using only terms to say what God is

150
Q

Equivocal language

A

words that mean different things when used in different contexts

151
Q

Analogy

A

A comparison made between one thing and another in an effort to aid understanding

152
Q

Symbol

A

a word or other kind of representation used to stand for something else and to shed light on its meaning

153
Q

Logical positivism

A

a movement that claimed that assertions have to be capable of being tested empirically if they are to be meaningful

154
Q

Cognitive

A

having a factual quality that is available to knowledge, where words are labels for things in the world

155
Q

Non-cognitive

A

not having a factual quality that is available to knowledge - words are tools used to achieve something rather than labels for things

156
Q

Empirical

A

available to be experienced by the five senses

157
Q

Verification

A

providing evidence to determine that something is true

158
Q

Symposium

A

a group of people who meet to discuss a particular question

159
Q

Falsification

A

providing evidence to determine that something is false

160
Q

Demythologising

A

removing the mythical elements from a narrative to expose the central message

161
Q

Absolutism

A

the view that morals are fixed, unchanging truths that everyone should always follow

162
Q

Relativism

A

the view that moral truths are not fixed and are not absolute. What is right changes according to the individual, the situation, the culture, the time, and the place

163
Q

Naturalism

A

Ethical theories that hold that morals are part of the natural world and can be recognised or observed in come way

164
Q

Intuitionism

A

ethical theories that hold that moral knowledge is received in a different way from science and logic

165
Q

Vienna Circle

A

A group of scientists known as logical positivist who rejected claims that moral truth can be verified as objectively true

166
Q

Emotivism

A

ethical theories that hold that moral statements are not statements of fact but are either beliefs or emotions

167
Q

Hume’s Law

A

you cannot go from an ‘is’ statement (a statement of fact) to an ‘ought’ (a moral)

168
Q

Naturalistic Fallacy

A

G. E. Moore’s argument that it is a mistake to define moral terms with reference to other properties (a mistake to break Hume’s Law)

169
Q

Ratio

A

the word used by Aquinas to describe reason, something which is placed in every person as a result of their being created in the image of God

170
Q

Synderesis

A

for Aquinas, this means to follow the good and avoid the evil, the rule that all precepts follow

171
Q

Id

A

For Freud, this is the part of the mind that has instinctive impulses that seek satisfaction in pleasure

172
Q

Super-Ego

A

Freud uses this word to describe the part of the mind that contradicts the id and uses internalised ideals from parents and society to make the ego behave morally

173
Q

Ego

A

Freud uses this work to describe the mediation between the id and the super-ego

174
Q

Conscientia

A

this is the name Aquinas gives to the process whereby a person’s reason makes moral judgements

175
Q

Vincible ignorance

A

this is how Aquinas describes a lack of knowledge for which a person is responsible and can be blamed

176
Q

Invincible ignorance

A

this is how Aquinas describes a lack of knowledge for which a person is not responsible and cannot be blamed

177
Q

Cohabitation

A

an unmarried couple living together in a sexually active relationship

178
Q

Consent

A

freely agreeing to engage in sexual activity with another person

179
Q

Premarital sex

A

sex before marriage

180
Q

Extramarital sex

A

sex beyond the confines of marriage, usually used to describe adulterous sex

181
Q

Betrothal

A

traditionally the exchange of promises, which in earlier times marked the point at which sex was permitted

182
Q

Consummation

A

an act of sexual intercourse that indicates, in some traditions, the finalisation of marriage

183
Q

Exclusive

A

a commitment to be in a sexual relationship with a person to the exclusion of all others. This is the opposite of an ‘open marriage’ or a ‘casual relationship’

184
Q

Homosexuality

A

sexual attraction between people of the same sex

185
Q

Exclusivism

A

the view that only one religion offers the complete means of salvation

186
Q

Inter-faith dialogue

A

sharing and discussing religious beliefs between members of different religious traditions, with an aim of reaching better understanding

187
Q

Theology of religion(s)

A

the branch of Christian theology that looks at the relationships between Christianity and other world religions from a Christian perspective

188
Q

Inclusivism

A

the view that although one’s own religion is the normative (setting the standard of normality) means of salvation, those who accept its central principles may also receive salvation

189
Q

Pluralism

A

the view that there are many ways to salvation through different religious traditions

190
Q

Particularism

A

an alternative name for exclusivism, meaning that salvation can only be found in one particular way

191
Q

Vatican II

A

the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, held from 1962 to 1965 to discuss the place of the Catholic Church in the modern world

192
Q

Noumena

A

a Kantian term to describe reality as it really is, unfiltered by the human mind

193
Q

Phenomena

A

a Kantian term to describe reality as it appears to us, filtered by the human mind

194
Q

Multi-faith societies

A

societies where there are significant populations of people with different religious beliefs

195
Q

Encyclical

A

an open letter sent to more than one recipient

196
Q

Missionary work

A

activity that aims to convert people to a particular faith or set of beliefs, or works for social justice in areas of poverty of deprivation

197
Q

Synod

A

the legislative body of the Church of England

198
Q

Social cohesion

A

when a group is united by bonds that help them to live together peacefully

199
Q

Feminism

A

the name given to a wide range of views arguing for, and working for, equality for women

200
Q

Gender biology

A

the physical characteristics that enable someone to be identified as male or female

201
Q

Gender identification

A

the way people perceive themselves in terms of masculine, feminine, both or neither

202
Q

Gender expression

A

the ways in which people behave as a result of their gender identification

203
Q

Socialisation

A

the process by which people learn social norms

204
Q

Patriarchal society

A

a society that is dominated by men and men’s interests

205
Q

Post-Christian theology

A

religious thinking that abandons traditional Christian thought

206
Q

Reform feminist theology

A

religious thinking that seeks to change traditional Christian thought

207
Q

Davidic Messiah

A

a Messiah figure based on the kingly military images of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)

208
Q

Sophia

A

Greek for ‘wisdom’, personified in female form in the ancient world

209
Q

Thealogy

A

studying God based around the goddess (‘thea’ is Greek for ‘goddess’)

210
Q

Secularism

A

a term that is used to mean either that religion should not be involved in government or public life OR the principle that no one religion should have a superior position in the state. It often entails a belief in a public space and a private space, and that religion should be restrained from public power

211
Q

Secularisation

A

a theory developed in the 1950’s and 1960’s from Enlightenment thinking, that religious belief would progressively decline as democracy and technology advanced. Sociologists now doubt such a linear decline.

212
Q

Secular

A

not connected or associated with religious or spiritual matters

213
Q

Wish fulfilment

A

according to Freud, this is the satisfaction of a desire through a dream or other exercise of the imagination

214
Q

Exploitation

A

treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work or resources

215
Q

Alienation

A

the process of becoming detached or isolated

216
Q

Capitalism

A

an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit

217
Q

Communism

A

an economic system in which trade and industry is controlled by the state

218
Q

Conscientisation

A

the process by which a person becomes conscious of the power structures in society

219
Q

Basic Christian Communities

A

Christian groups that gather together to try to directly resolve difficulties in their lives

220
Q

Structural Sin

A

the idea that sin is not just a personal action, but something that can be brought about through unjust organisations and social structures

221
Q

Preferential option for the poor

A

the idea that Jesus Christ stood with the poor and oppressed and that the Church should focus on the poor and oppressed and stand in solidarity with them

A Level RS (5 decks)

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