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RPL > RPL Aerodynamics 2 > Flashcards

RPL Aerodynamics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does “straight” and “level” mean?

A

Straight - maintain a constant heading

Level - to maintain constant altitude

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2
Q

Which requires to be constant to remain straight and levelled?

A

Altitude
Airspeed
Heading
Balance

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3
Q

What are the factors affecting weight?

A

Speed
Weight
Flaps
Power

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4
Q

What is lift proportional to?

A

Angle of attack and velocity

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5
Q

What is the most efficient angle of attack?

A

4 Degrees

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6
Q

What is the critical angle?

A

16 Degrees

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7
Q

If there is a change to a single force, how can equilibrium be achieved again?

A

Equalising the change of force with its opposite force

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8
Q

What does weight equal to in level flight?

A

Weight = Lift

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9
Q

If weight is reduced in level flight, what must be done to overcome the reduction in weight?

A

Reduction in lift

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10
Q

What must be done to decrease magnitude of lift?

A

Angle of attack must be decreased for a given airspeed

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11
Q

What is required to be done to prevent acceleration once angle of attack is reduced?

A

Thrust will need to be reduced in order to counteract a decrease in induced drag that can result in acceleration

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12
Q

What are the effects of increasing power?

A

Nose pitch up
Increase in speed
Increased Lift

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13
Q

What is the effect of decreasing power?

A

Nose pitches down

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14
Q

If the propellor spins in a clockwise direction whilst a power increase, what are the effects?

A

Nose pitches up followed by a roll and yaw to the left?

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15
Q

How does a decrease in power affect an aircraft if the propellor is rotating clockwise?

A

Nose pitches down

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16
Q

What is steady state climb?

A

Aircraft where aircraft is climbing at a constant speed while maintaining constant heading and constant rate of climb

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17
Q

How does thrust change in a climb?

A

Thrust in a climb adds a vertical aspect via the increased angle of attack

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18
Q

Why must thrust be increased in a climb?

A

Thrust must be increased in order to counteract weight + rearward component of weight

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19
Q

What is the rearward component of weight?

A

The rearward component of weight is the additional force applied in a climb in which is the force of gravity and weight

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20
Q

What are the 3 different types of climbs and what are their abbreviations?

A

Best angle of climb (Vx)
Best rate of climb (Vy)
Cruise Climb (Vcc)

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21
Q

What is the angle of climb and rate of climb?

A

Angle of climb - flight path during a climb and the horizontal ground
Rate of climb - Amount of altitude gained within a certain time frame

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22
Q

What is the best angle of climb?

A

(Vx)

Aims to achieve maximum height in a minimal horizontal distance in which is primarily used for obstacle distance

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23
Q

What are the effects of a best angle of climb?

A

Poor engine cooling and low forward visibility

Provides maximum excess thrust above straight and level flight

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24
Q

What airspeed provides the best angle fora best angle of climb?

A

63kts

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25
Q

What is the best rate of climb?

A

(Vy)

Aims to achieve maximum height gained in minimum time in which is the most commonly used type of climb

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26
Q

What are the effects of a best rate of climb?

A

Increased engine cooling, visibility and groundspeed improved

Provides a maximum excess power

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27
Q

What is the airspeed to achieve a best rate of climb?

A

79kts

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28
Q

What is a cruise climb?

A

(Vcc)

Cruise climb is the compromise between best rate and a increased groundspeed

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29
Q

What are the benefits of cruise climb?

A

Improved visibility
Better engine cooling
Better passenger comfort
Get to destination in the shortest time

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30
Q

What are the factors affecting climb performance?

A 
Power
Height
Weight
Flap
Wind
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31
Q

How does altitude and temperature affect climb?

A

Increasing altitude decreases air density in which climb performance reduces
More power output is required
Power output is reduced with increase altitude

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32
Q

What are the worst performance conditions?

A

Hot temperature at High altitude

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33
Q

What are the effects of reduced density?

A

Reduced aerodynamic lift and engine performance

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34
Q

What is the absolute ceiling?

A

The altitude in which it is impossible to climb further

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35
Q

What are the effects of weight in a climb?

A

Nose is to be pitched down to maintain climb speed in which climb performance reduces
RoC is reduced
AoC is reduced

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36
Q

How does flap affect climb?

A

Further stages of flap create more drag in which decreases rate of climb and angle of climb
Reduces amount of excess thrust available

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37
Q

How does wind affect climb?

A

Angle of climb affected depending on direction of wind

38
Q

How does a headwind and a tailwind affect climb?

A

Headwind - increased angle of climb

Tailwind - decreased angle of climb

39
Q

How is rate of climb affected by wind?

A

Rate of climb is not affected by a steady wind

40
Q

Why is rate of climb not affected by wind?

A

Rate of climb is a measure of climb within a given time frame

41
Q

What are the 3 types of descents?

A

Glide descent
Cruise descent
Approach descent

42
Q

What is the angle of descent and rate of descent?

A

Angle of descent - Angle between the aircrafts flight path and horizontal ground
Rate of descent - amount of altitude lost within a certain time frame

43
Q

What is the additional weight of a glide descent?

A

Forward component of weight

44
Q

What is the forward component of weight?

A

The force in which is affected by weight and gravity in combination with the direction of thrust

45
Q

What are the difference in forces within a glide descent?

A

Lift < Weight
Thrust < Drag
FCW = Drag

46
Q

How does power affect angle of descent?

A

Increasing power and raising the nose to maintain airspeed and result in a shallower descent

Decreasing power and lowering the nose to maintain airspeed will result in a steeper descent

47
Q

How is glide angle determined?

A

By utilising the best Lift/Drag ratio in which is performed by setting an AoA that gives a certain speed

48
Q

How can the best Lift/Drag ratio be affected?

A

Best L/D ratio is affected by weight in which increased/decreased weight influences the required lift so airspeed is required to be manipulated to maintain the same L/D ratio

49
Q

How does heavier aircraft compare to lighter aircraft in a descent?

A

Heavier aircrafts have higher airspeed in which it will reach the ground faster before a lighter aircraft
(AoD is the same but RoD decreases for lighter aircraft)

50
Q

How does airspeed affect descent?

A

Too much or too little airspeed could miss or overshoot the landing target

51
Q

Why can’t speed be changed on a glide via power and what is an alternative to getting speed from power?

A

Power cannot be utilised in a glide due to a present engine failure or simulation of engine failure. Speed can then be manipulated by adjusting attitude and AoA

52
Q

What are the effects of flaps on a descent?

A

Extension of flaps increase both lift and drag in which spoils the best L/D ratio and degrades gliding performance (AoD/RoD decreases)

53
Q

How does a headwind affect descent?

A

Headwind will increase the AoD as the wind pushes against the motion of aircraft’s thrust and will not reduce RoD

54
Q

How does tailwind affect descent?

A

Tailwind will decrease AoD as wind pushes in the direction of the aircraft’s motion and will not reduce RoD

55
Q

What is turning?

A

An aircraft’s change in direction via the banking of an aircraft’s wings to roll

56
Q

What is required in order to maintain the vertical component of lift during a turn?

A

Increased AoA and Airspeed

57
Q

What are the load factors in a 45, 60 and 75 degree turns?

A

45 - 1.4gs
60 - 2gs
75 - 4gs

58
Q

What are the angle of banks for a gentle, medium and steep turn?

A

Gentle - 0-20 degrees
Medium 21-44 degrees
Steep - 45+

59
Q

What is the max AoB on a levelled turn?

A

30 Degrees

60
Q

What happens to the outer wing on a climbing turn?

A

Travels a greater distance than inner wing and also has a greater AoA than inner wing

61
Q

What is the turn on conditions on a climbing turn?

A

Max AoB of 15 degrees and full power

62
Q

What happens to the inner wing on a descending turn?

A

Travels faster and has a greater AoA compared to outside wing

63
Q

What is the max AoB of a descending turn?

A

30 Degrees

64
Q

What is a rate 1 turn?

A

360 Degrees in 2 Minutes

65
Q

What is a rate of turn?

A

Time taken to complete a 360 degree turn

66
Q

What is the formula of a Rate 1 Turn?

A

AoB = (TAS/10 + 7)

67
Q

How would a pilot achieve the smallest turn radius?

A

Slowest speed with maximum possible bank

68
Q

How does an increased IAS affect performance?

A

Increased radius of turn and decreased rate of turn

69
Q

How does a decrease in IAS affect performance?

A

Decreased radius of turn and increased rate of turn

70
Q

How does an increase of AoB affect performance?

A

Decreased radius of turn and increased rate of turn

71
Q

How does an increase in AoB affect performance?

A

Increased radius of turn and decreased rate of turn

72
Q

How does increased airspeed affect turn performance?

A

Increased radius of turn and decreased rate of turn

73
Q

How does decreased airspeed affect turn performance?

A

Decreased radius of turn and increased rate of turn

74
Q

What is adverse yaw?

A

Adverse yaw is the aircraft yawing in the opposite direction of the turn due to the increasing drag from the uplifted wing

75
Q

How is adverse yaw counteracted?

A

Application of rudder in the direction of turn

76
Q

What is a stall?

A

When aircraft passes the critical angle and lift decreases

77
Q

Does a stall have anything to do with the engine?

A

No

78
Q

How is angle of attack measured in straight and levelled flight?

A

Airspeed

79
Q

Is there an instrument to indicate AoA?

A

No

80
Q

Is stall speed consistent?

A

No as it varies depending on different aircraft configurations

81
Q

What are the factors affecting stall speed?

A 
Weight
Flaps
Power
Wind condition
Load Factor
82
Q

How does weight affect stall speed?

A

More weight increases stall speed

83
Q

How does flaps affect stall speed

A

Greater stages of flap extension decreases stall speed

84
Q

How does greater power affect stall speed?

A

Greater power increases stall speed

85
Q

How does increased load factor affect stall speed?

A

Increases stall speed

86
Q

What are the symptoms of a basic stall?

A 
Control column in back position
High nose attitude
Low airspeed
Less effective control
Stall warning
Possible control buffet
87
Q

What happens during a stall?

A

Nose lowers
Loss of height
Possible wing drop

88
Q

What is a incipient spin?

A

A period following a stall in which wing drop is present

89
Q

How to recover from an incipient spin?

A 
Reduce power to idle
Forward pressure on control column
Neutral ailerons
Apply full rudder to opposite direction of rotation
Release rudder when rotation stops
When wings un-stalled
Level wings with aileron
Raise nose to climb altitude
Full power
Carburetor heat off
Climb at (Vy)
After take-off checks
90
Q

What is a washout?

A

A twist of a wing that helps to prevent wing drop via reducing angle of attack at the wing tip

91
Q

What is a stall strip?

A

A small triangular strip that encourages stall at the wing root before wing tip via producing turbulent airflow near the critical angle

RPL (3 decks)

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