RPA orientation moodles Flashcards
for ventilation how many ml/kg??
This module is based on the ARDS network study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM 2000;342:1301-8). This was a trial of 861 patients with moderate to severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) randomised to receive ventilation using tidal volumes based on Ideal Body Weight (IBW). The conventional ventilation group received tidal volumes of 12mL/kg IBW and the low tidal volume group using 6mL/kg of IBW. The study found that patients in the low tidal volume group had a significantly lower mortality (31% compared to 40% p=0.007) and a shorter time on the ventilator (10±11 days vs. 12±11 days, p=0.007). This mortality has been subsequently proven and improved in subsequent ARDS trials.
what is ards
The Berlin Definition of ARDS “is an acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury, leading to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, and loss of aerated lung tissue…[with] hypoxemia and bilateral radiographic opacities, associated with increased venous admixture, increased physiological dead space and decreased lung compliance”.
Key components:
* acute, meaning onset 1 week or less
* bilateral opacities consistent with pulmonary oedema must be present and may be detected on CT or chest radiograph
* PF ratio <300mmHg with a minimum of 5 cmH20 PEEP (or CPAP)
* “must not be fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload,” in the physician’s best estimation using available information — an “objective assessment“ (e.g. echocardiogram) should be performed in most cases if there is no clear cause such as trauma or sepsis.
risk factors for ards
RISK FACTORS FOR ARDS
There are Direct & Indirect insults that can precipitate ARDS.
Direct
* pneumonia (46%)
* aspiration of gastric contents (29%)
* lung contusion (34%)
* fat embolism
* near drowning
* inhalational injury
* reperfusion injury
Indirect
* non-pulmonary sepsis (25%)
* multiple trauma (41%)
* massive transfusion (34%)
* pancreatitis (25%)
* cardiopulmonary bypass
There are 5 classical pathophysiological phases described in the development of ARDS:
There are 5 classical pathophysiological phases described in the development of ARDS:
1) Injury
2) Exudative – alveolar capillary membrane disruption with inflammatory cell infiltrate and high protein exudate to form hyaline membranes
3) Proliferative – proliferation of abnormal Type II alveoli cells and inflammatory cells
4) Fibrotic – infiltration with fibroblasts which replace alveoli and alveolar ducts with fibrosis
5) Resolution – slow and incomplete repair and restoration of architecture
The main principles for delivering ARDS Net Ventilation at RPA are:
The main principles for delivering ARDS Net Ventilation at RPA are:
1) Paralysis with cisatracurium infusion
2) Controlled Mandatory Ventilation (CMV) mode
3) Tidal volume 6mL/kg*
4) Maximum respiratory rate of 35 breaths per minute
5) Plateau pressure <30cmH20
6) PEEP >5cmH2O, with specific level determined by PF ratio and FiO2 requirement
SpO2 = 88 to 95 % or PaO2 =
SpO2 = 88 to 95 % or PaO2 = 55 to 80 mmHg
Acidosis Management: pH < 7.10
- Increase the set ventilator rate to 35 bpm
- If pH remains < 7.10, tidal volume may be increased in 1mL/kg IBW steps until pH > 7.10 Inform the advanced trainee or intensivist of an increase in tidal volume above 8 mL/kg IBW
Acidosis Management: pH < 7.10
- Increase the set ventilator rate to 35 bpm
- If pH remains < 7.10, tidal volume may be increased in 1mL/kg IBW steps until pH > 7.10 Inform the advanced trainee or intensivist of an increase in tidal volume above 8 mL/kg IBW
hypertropic disease and SAM are both obstruction of outflow tract which increases afterload
they are both managed by
ensuring the ventricle remains full
in the cardiac moodles
when to suspect cardiac tamponade
when CVP = diastolic pulmonary artery pressure
what to do if?
high chest drain output
increasing norad
normal rotem
normal temp
normal ph
hb 100
call CTS urgently
what to do if?
high chest drain output
increasing norad
normal rotem
normal temp
normal ph
hb 100
what to do if
ST Evelvation in V2-4
call cts
urget echo/toe
dont need serial ecgs or troponins this will just delay things
acceptable drain outputs
300ml in the first hour
100ml per hour after that
what increases CVP and PA pressures?
cardiac tamponade
pneumothoraox
heamothorax
