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Physiology #5 > RP1: Body Fluids and Renal Function > Flashcards

RP1: Body Fluids and Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What do imbalances in Na+ cause?

A

Imbalance changes vascular and total body volumes

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2
Q

What do imbalances in K+ cause?

A

Imbalance alters cardiac and neural functions

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3
Q

What do imbalances in Ca++ cause?

A

Imbalance alters skeletal muscle, cardiac, neural function and bone structure

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4
Q

What do imbalances in H+ cause?

A

Imbalance alters multiple systems

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5
Q

Total body water volume is what percent of body weight?

A

60%

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6
Q

What percent of body weight is intracellular fluid?

A

40%

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7
Q

What percent of body weight is extracellular fluid?

A

20%

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8
Q

What makes up the extracellular fluid?

A

interstitial fluid
plasma

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9
Q

What percent of body weight is plasma?

A

4-5%

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10
Q

What electrolytes are high in the ECF?

A

Na+
Ca++
Cl-
HCO3-
Glucose

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11
Q

What electrolytes are high in the ICF?

A

K+
Mg++
H+
amino acids

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12
Q

What anions make up 90% of the total ECF osmolarity?

A

Na+ and Cl-

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13
Q
A

Adding hypertonic solution

  • increase ECF volume
  • increase ECF osmolarity
  • decrease ICF volume
  • increase ICF osmolarity
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14
Q
A

Adding hypotonic solution

  • decrease ECF osmolarity
  • increase ECF volume
  • increase ICF volume
  • decrease ICF osmolarity
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15
Q
A

Adding isotonic solution

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16
Q

How would ECF and ICF volume and osmolarity change in an individual that has lost a hypotonic solution from ECF (sweating)?

A
  • increase in ECF osmolarity
  • decrease in ECF volume
  • increase in ICF osmolarity
  • decrease in ICF volume
17
Q

What are the causes of intracellualr edema?

A
  1. Hyponatremia.
  2. Decreased metabolism (blood flow): Na+/K+ pump failure (Donnan Effect)
  3. Inflammation (infection, burns) – increased membrane permeability and leakage.
18
Q

What happens if the ECF volume is too low?

A
  • volume contraction
  • hypotension
  • organ hypoperfusion
19
Q

What happens if the ECF volume is too high?

A
  • edema
  • ascites
  • pleural effusions
  • hypertension
20
Q

What are the three types of hyponatremia?

A
  • Dehydration (increased NaCl loss due to vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, addison’s disease, diuretics)
  • Overhydration (excess H2O retention, inappropriate ADH secretion)
  • Low solute intake (decreases NaCl from diet)
21
Q

What is acute hyponatremia?

A

➢ Rapid decrease in [Na+] ECF
➢ Caused by loss of Na+ or excess H2O
➢ H2O into the cells
➢ Swelling of the brain tissue.

22
Q

What is chronic hyponatremia?

A

➢ Gradual decrease in [Na+]ECF
➢ This stimulates transport of Na+, K+, and organic solutes out of the cells
➢ This causes water diffusion out of the cells
➢ With chronic hyponatremia, the brain swelling is attenuated by the transport of solutes from the cells.

23
Q

What can happen if you correct hyponatremia too fast?

A

osmotic demyelination

24
Q

What causes extracellular edema?

A

➢ Increased capillary filtration (most common; congestive heart failure)
➢ Failure of lymphatics to return interstitial fluid to circulation (lymphedema)

25
Q

What are the absorptive starlings forces?

A
  • plasma colloid osmotic pressure (Nc)
  • interstitial fluid pressure (Pisf)
26
Q

What are the filtration starlings forces?

A
  • capillary pressure (Pc)
  • interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (Nisf)
27
Q

If you increase Kf what happens to filtration?

A

filtration is increased

28
Q

What is the equation for filtration rate?

A

Filtration Rate = Kf((Pc + Nif) – (Pif + Nc))

29
Q

What starlings forces are responsible for extracellular edema?

A

➢Capillary permeability (Kf)
– Inflammation
– Burns
– Ischemia
➢Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
– Heart failure
– Renal disease
➢Decreased capillary colloid osmotic pressure (Nc)
– Renal loss (nephrotic syndrome)
– Liver disease

30
Q

What are the changes in the following variables after giving
2.0 liters of water i.v.?

Extracellular Fluid Volume
Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity
Intracellular Fluid Volume
Intracellular Fluid Osmolarity

A

Extracellular Fluid Volume - increase
Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity - decrease
Intracellular Fluid Volume - increase
Intracellular Fluid Osmolarity - decrease

Physiology #5 (9 decks)

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