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Software architecture / engineering > Rozanski & woods + Rup > Flashcards

Rozanski & woods + Rup Flashcards

1
Q

What is the R&W equivalent of Rup’s Logical view?

A

Functional View

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2
Q

Fill in the missing keywords in this diagram of the Rozanski & Woods viewpoint set.

A

A = Context Viewpoint

B = Functional Viewpoint

C = Information Viewpoint

D = Concurrency Viewpoint

E = Development Viewpoint

F = Deployment Viewpoint

G = Operational Viewpoint

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3
Q

What products are present in an Architectural Description (AD) ?

A

the products in an architectural description (AD) include:

  • Views
  • models
  • principles
  • constraints
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4
Q

Geef een korte omschrijving van de activiteiten in de Elaboration phase

A
  1. Risico’s identificeren en overwinnen
  2. Testen architectuur, kritische UC’s uitwerken,
  3. proof of concepts
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5
Q

What can be said about the Quality attributes in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model ?

A

Quality attributes are less explicit in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model

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6
Q

Give an example for each level of software pattern

A

architecture (system level) : client/server

design (subsystem level) : observer

language idioms (block level) : how to loop through a list of items in Java

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7
Q

Give a description of the event-driven Architectural pattern

A
  • a popular distributed asynchronous architecture pattern used to produce highly scalable applications.
  • self-contained and highly decoupled event processing components that asynchronously receive and process events.
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8
Q

What is another name used for Scenarios in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model ?

A

Use–Case View

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9
Q

Waarom Rup ?

A
  1. Zit conceptueel mooi tussen Waterval en Agile in.
  2. Behandelt meer procesonderdelen dan Scrum.
  3. Heeft eigen sterktes (maar ook zwaktes)
  4. Wordt gebruikt bij veel grote bedrijven
  5. “Op maat maken” dwingt je tot begrijpen
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10
Q

list the core perspectives

A
  • performance and scalability
  • security
  • availability and resilience
  • evolution
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11
Q

Give a short description of the development viewpoint in the R & W viewpoint set

A

the development viewpoint describes the architecture that supports the software development process.

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12
Q

What can be said about the ease of development of the Microkernel Architectural pattern?

A

It’s low, it requires thoughtful design and contract governance, making it rather complex to implement

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13
Q

Give a short description of the context viewpoint in the R & W viewpoint set.

A

the context viewpoint describes the relationships, dependencies and interactions between the system and it’s environment

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14
Q

What can be said about the scalability of the Microkernel Architectural pattern?

A

It’s low, often implemented as single units and hence not highly scalable.

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15
Q

List the stakeholders of the process view in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 view model

A

the stakeholders of the process view are:

  • acquirers
  • developers
  • maintainers
  • system integrators
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16
Q

What are the tactics of the Security perspective ?

A
  • apply recognized security principles
  • authenticate the principals
  • authorize access
  • ensure information secrecry
  • ensure information integrity
  • vulnerability analysis
  • application of security technology
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17
Q

Give a short description of the Deployment view

A

The deployment view shows how the run–time entities are mapped on the execution platform and the hardware.

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18
Q

list 5 examples of Quality Properties

A
  • Performance
  • Efficiency
  • Security
  • Maintainability
  • availability
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19
Q

What are the concerns of the Security perspective ?

A
  • authentication
  • authorization
  • confidentiality
  • integrity
  • accountability
  • availability
  • intrusion detection
  • recovery
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20
Q

Give a description of the DDD Domain Driven Design Architectural pattern

A
  • an approach to software development focused on modelling a business domain and defining business objects
  • domain model is expressed in the language of business domain experts
  • aimed at avoiding communication problems and improving the common domain language
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21
Q

What is the definition of an architectural tactic?

A

an architectural tactic is an established approach or solution you can use to achieve a particular quality property (QP)

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22
Q

What can be said about the flexibility of the Layered Architectural pattern?

A

It’s low.

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23
Q

What is an Architectural tactic

A

an architectural tactic is an established approach or solution you can use to achieve a particular quality property (QP)

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24
Q

Geef een korte omschrijving van de activiteiten in de Inception phase

A
  1. Inhoud, scope, risico’s en globale planning helder krijgen.
  2. Eens worden over de inhoud / opzet van het project
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25
Q

What is the definition of a stakeholder?

A

a stakeholder is a person, group or entity with interest in or concerns about the realization of the architecture.

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26
Q

Give a short description of the Implementation view

A

The implementation view describes the organization of the software modules and implementation details.

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27
Q

What is the ISO/IEC/IEEE defenition of Architecture ?

A

(System) fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its design and evolution

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28
Q

What are the key responsibilities of an architect?

A
  1. Create and communicate the vision that aligns to the requirements
  2. Create and communicate the road to achieve that vision
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29
Q

How do Architectural patterns relate to Architectular tactics?

A

an architectural pattern often implements multiple tactics,
usually related to different qualities,
in a coherent way

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30
Q

What are the elements of the SAD of Simon Brown?

A
  1. context
  2. functional overview
  3. principles
  4. SA
  5. external interfaces
  6. code
  7. data
  8. infrastructure architecture
  9. deployment
  10. operation and support
  11. decision log
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31
Q

Give the definition of a Viewpoint

A

A viewpoint is a collection of patterns, templates, and conventions for constructing one type of view. It defines the stakeholders whose concerns are reflected in the viewpoint and the guidelines, principles and template models for constructing its views.

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32
Q

What can be said about the Rozanski and Woods View set?

A
  • extension and refinement of Kruchten’s set
  • aimed at modern, large scale, distributed information systems
  • renamed & evolved Logical, Process and Physical
  • added Information and Operational
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33
Q

What are the fundamental pieces of the Logical View

A
  • subsystems
  • components
  • dependencies
  • interfaces
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34
Q

The Rup/Kruchten 4+1 model is:

a) rather technically oriented
b) rather focused on the users of the system

A

A

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35
Q

What are the 4 phases of the RUP op maat method.

A
  1. Inception
  2. elaboration
  3. construction
  4. transation
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36
Q

What is the relationship between architecture and design

A

architecture frames design, architecture is part of the design process but not all design is architectural.

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37
Q

List the stakeholders of the Logical view in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 view model

A

the stakeholders of the logical view are:

  • acquirers
  • end users
  • developers
  • maintainers of the system
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38
Q

Give a short description of the Use-case view

A

The use-case view describes Key scenarios that drive the discovery, design and validation of the architecture

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39
Q

What is the focus, result and guidance of a Viewpoint ?

A

Focus: a type of structure

Result: a view – model(s), a primary arch structure

Guidance: models to create, advice based on practice

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40
Q

What are some of the challenges in creating an Architectural Description(AD) ?

A

some of the challenges in creating an Architectural Description(AD) are:

  • Different stakeholders need different things from the AD
  • some stakeholders are very knowledgeable, others aren’t
  • you never have enough time to fully document the architecture.
  • you have to leave some areas undefined or vaguely defined without losing credibility
  • the AD needs to capture design decisions and the rationale clearly without confusing readers with too many irrelevant details and options.
  • the AD needs to be sufficiently detailed to unequivocally answer all the important decisions.
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41
Q

What is the focus, result and guidance of a Perspective?

A

focus: a quality property

Result: changes to views, supporting artifacts

Guidance: a process for application, advice based on practice.

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42
Q

which of the following statements is correct?

  1. A view consists of solely ONE model that represent it
  2. using multiple views is essential for both designing and describing an architecture.
A

only statement 2 is correct. A view consists of one OR more models that represent it

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43
Q

What can be said about the ease of development of the event-driven architectural pattern?

A

It’s low, due to the asynchronous nature of the pattern as well as contract creation and the need for advanced error handling.

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44
Q

Fill in the missing keywords on positions A,B,C

A

A = View

B = Viewpoint

C = Perspective

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45
Q

Architectural views solve what problem ?

A

views solve the problem that it is not possible to capture all the functional features (and quality properties) in a single model

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46
Q

“layers refer to _____ structure : organized on the level of _____“

Fill in the missing words in the sentence above.

A
  1. logical
  2. abstraction
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47
Q

What can be said about the scalability of the Layered Architectural pattern?

A

It’s low, the Layered pattern leads to tightly coupled and monolithic implementations.

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48
Q

What are the 9 types of Architectural patterns?

A
  1. layered (hierarchical)
  2. Data flow
  3. Micro kernel
  4. Event driven
  5. Micro-services
  6. Distributed
  7. Shared data
  8. VM
  9. MVC
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49
Q

What drives software architectures?

A
  • Functional requirements
  • Quality attributes or non functional requirements
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50
Q

List the stakeholders of the Implementation view in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 view model

A

the stakeholders of the implementation view are:

  • developers
  • software management
  • configuration management
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51
Q

What can be said about the testability of the Layered Architectural pattern?

A

It’s high, layers can be tested independently of other layers, these other layers can be mocked or stubbed.

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52
Q

is the following statement correct ?

“an architectural pattern often implements multiple tactics, usually related to different qualities, in a coherent way”

A

yes

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53
Q

“tiers refer to ____ structure : they are ____ deployed on separate computers”

Fill in the missing words in the sentence above.

A
  1. physical
  2. layers
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54
Q

What are the deliverables of the Process View in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model?

A

the deliverables of the Process view are:

  • Activity Diagram
  • Sequence Diagram
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55
Q

What are the deliverables of the Deployment View in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model?

A

the deliverables of the Deployment view are:

  • Deployment diagram
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56
Q

Give some reasons why quality properties are crucial to stakeholders

A
  • slow functions don’t get used
  • unavailable systems cause business interruption
  • security problems cause headlines
  • unmaintainable systems become irrelevant
57
Q

In order to describe a perspective several aspects need to be elaborated on. What are those aspects ?

A
  • desired quality
  • applicability
  • concerns
  • activities
  • tactics
  • problems and pitfalls
58
Q

what is the definition of Perspectives ?

A

A perspective is a collection of patterns, templates and guidelines to ensure the system has the right quality properties

59
Q

What is an Architectural Description (AD)?

A

An architectural description (AD) is a set of products which documents an architecture in a way which is understandable by its stakeholders.

60
Q

What are the 3 levels of software patterns?

A
  1. architecture (system level)
  2. design (subsystem level)
  3. language idioms (block level)
61
Q

What can be said about the flexibility of the Micro kernel Arhictectural pattern?

A

It’s high, as the application evolves incrementally, add features and functionality

62
Q

Wat zijn de kenmerken van Rup?

A
  1. Iteratief en incrementeel
  2. Use-case gedreven
  3. Geeft stakeholders een stem
  4. Architectuur centrisch
  5. Risks first
  6. Aanpasbaar (op maat)
  7. Focus op kwaliteit
63
Q

What is the difference between an Architectural View and a view ?

A

none, they are synonyms for the same thing.

64
Q

Provide the missing keywords for A, B, C in the following diagram about Architectural Descriptions.

A

A = Architectural Description

B = View

C = Viewpoint

65
Q

Give a short description of the information viewpoint in the R & W viewpoint set

A

the information viewpoint describes the way that the system stores, manipulates, manages, and distributes information

66
Q

What can be said about the ease of deployment of the Layered Architectural pattern?

A

It’s low, a small change to a component can require a redeployment of large portion of application.

67
Q

what are the two questions that need to be answered before applying a perspective

A
  1. Which perspectives would help you to achieve your quality properties (QP’s) ?
  2. Where may you have conflicts if applying different relevant perspectives ?
68
Q

Name 3 different kinds of IT architects

A
  1. Enterprise Architect
  2. Software Architect
  3. Solutions Architect
69
Q

What can be said about the performance of the event-driven architectural pattern?

A

It’s high, achieves high performance through its asynchronous capabilities

70
Q

Which of the following statements is/are correct: 1. The R&W viewpoint set is an extension and refinement of the Kruchten’s set.

  1. The Viewmodel of Rozanski & Woods is aimed at old, large scale and distributed information systems.
A

Only Statement 1 is correct.

The Viewmodel of Rozanski & Woods is aimed at new, large scale and distributed information systems.

71
Q

What are the 6 levels of Architecture

A

The 6 levels of architecture are:

  • enterprise
  • application, product
  • embeded system
  • infrastructure (system, network)
  • platform
  • CPU
72
Q

Give a short description of the functional viewpoint in the R & W viewpoint set

A

the functional viewpoint describes the system’s run time functional elements, their responsibilities, interfaces, and primary interactions

73
Q

is the following statement correct ?

“You apply perspectives to the architecture to ensure quality properties are acceptable and guide it’s development”

A

Yes

74
Q

Wat zijn de best practices van Use cases, zoals omschreven door Cockburn

A
  1. Schrijf iets leesbaars
  2. Beschrijf top-down (breadth first)
  3. Gebruik 3 tot 9 stappen per use case ‘refactor’ waar nodig
  4. Data en business rules benoemen maar elders beschrijven
75
Q

What are the 3 pattern categories ?

A
  • creational patterns
  • structural patterns
  • behavioral patterns
76
Q

What can be said about the Ease of development of the Layered Architectural pattern?

A

It’s high, layers can be developed independently; but defining an abstract service interface is not easy.

77
Q

Geef een korte omschrijving van de activiteiten in de Construction phase

A

Iteratief ontwerpen, bouwen, testen

78
Q

Name two templates for creating Architecture

A
  1. Rup
  2. Simon Brown
79
Q

What are the deliverables of the Logical View in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model.

A

The deliverables of the Logical View are:

  • Component Diagram
  • Class Diagram
  • ERD Diagram
80
Q

Describe the steps in the TOGAF model

A

Preliminary phase: Frameworks & Principles

A: Architecture Vision

B: Business Architecture

C: Information Systems Architecture

D: Technology Architecture

E: Opportunities and Solutions

F: Migration Planning

G: Implementation Governance

H: Architecture Change Management

81
Q

list the viewpoints of the Rozanski & Woods viewpoint set.

A
  • Context Viewpoint
  • Functional Viewpoint
  • Information Viewpoint
  • Concurrency Viewpoint
  • Development Viewpoint
  • Deployment Viewpoint
  • Operational Viewpoint
82
Q

Geef een korte omschrijving van de activiteiten in de Transation phase

A
  1. Bugfixen, deployen,
  2. Trainen, overdragen aan beheer, afsluiting
83
Q

What can be said about the performance of the Layered Architectural pattern?

A

It’s low, there is a performance overhead from going through layers to service a request.

84
Q

What are the concerns of the Availability and Resilience perspective

A
  • classess of service
  • planned/unplanned downtime
  • Mean time between failure (MTBF)
  • Mean time to repair (MTTR)
  • disaster recovery
  • redundancy
  • clustering
  • failover
85
Q

Give a short description of the process view

A

The process view deals with the dynamic aspects of the system, like threads & processes, inter–process communication, scheduling aspects and shared resources.

86
Q

List the stakeholders of the deployment view in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 view model

A

the stakeholders of the deployment view are:

  • acquirers
  • system engineers
87
Q

What is another term sometimes used for Architectural pattern

A

Architectural style

88
Q

What is the R&W equivalent of Rup’s Implementation view?

A

Development

89
Q

What can be said about the ease of deployment of the event-driven architectural pattern?

A

It’s high, Overall this pattern is relatively easy to deploy due to the decoupled nature of the

event-processor components.

90
Q

Give a description of the Layered Architectural pattern.

A
  • one of the most common architecture patterns
  • decomposes application into groups of subtasks, each of which is at a particular level of abstraction
  • each layer provides services to the layer above it and acts as a client of the layer below
  • a layer depends only on lower layers, has no knowledge of higher layers
  • dependencies are kept local, changes can be made within the layer without affecting other layers
91
Q

What are the tactics of the Evolution perspective

A
  • contain/encapsulate change
  • create flexible interfaces
  • apply change–oriented architectural styles
  • build variation points into the software (use patterns)
  • achieve reliable change
  • preserve development environments
  • achieve reliable change (configuration management, automated testing, ci, cd)
92
Q

What can be said about testability of the event-driven architectural pattern?

A

It’s low, Correctness hard to ensure due to the asynchronous nature of this pattern.

93
Q

List the stakeholders of the Use–Case view in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 view model

A

the stakeholders of the Use–Case View are:

  • users of the system
  • acquirers
  • developers
  • maintainers
  • testers
94
Q

What are the deliverables of the Implementation View in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model?

A

The deliverables of the implementation view are:

  • Package Diagram(s)
  • File structures
  • Description of frameworks
  • libraries
  • programming language(s)
95
Q

What are the tactics of the Performance and Scalability perspective ?

A

the tactics of the Performance and Scalability perspective are:

  • optimize repeated processing
  • reduce contention via replication
  • prioritize processing
  • consolidate related workload
  • distribute processing over time
  • minimize the use of shared resources
  • partition and parallelize
  • use asynchronous processing
  • make design compromises
96
Q

Vul de geblurrde begrippen in onderstaand diagram in.

A

A = Role

B = Artefact

C = Activity

97
Q

Give a short description of the operational viewpoint in the R & W viewpoint set

A

the operational viewpoint describes how the sytem will be operated, administered, and supported when it is running in its production environment.

98
Q

What is another name used for Physical View ?

A

Deployment View

99
Q

Why is it wise to create multiple views instead of a single model ?

A

it is impossible to describe a software architecture by using a single model. such a model is hard to understand and is unlikely to clearly identify the architecture’s most important features. It also tends to poorly serve individual stakeholders because they struggle to understand the aspects that interest them.

100
Q

Give a short description of the concurrency viewpoint in the R & W viewpoint set

A

the concurrency viewpoint describes the concurrency structure of the system and maps functional elements to concurrency units to clearly identify the parts of the system that can execute concurrently and how this is coordinated and controlled.

101
Q

Give a short description of the deployment viewpoint in the R & W viewpoint set

A

the deployment viewpoint describes the environment into which the system will be deployed and the dependencies that the system has on elements of it.

102
Q

Software architecture

A

Software architecture is high–level requirements & design of a software system

103
Q

What are the virtues of a Software Architect ?

A
  1. Artistic skill
  2. Analytical skills
  3. Understanding of the domain
  4. Communication skills
  5. understanding the capabilities of the development orginasation
104
Q

What are the tactics of the Availability and Resilience perspective ?

A
  • select fault–tolerant hardware
  • use hardware clustering and load balancing
  • log transactions
  • apply software availability solutions
  • select fault–tolerant software
  • identify backup and disaster recovery solutions
105
Q

What is the definition of Quality Properties

A

Quality Properties are the non–functional characteristics of the system.

106
Q

What can be said about the testability of the Microkernel Architectural pattern?

A

It’s high, plug-in modules can be tested in isolation and can be mocked by the core system

107
Q

what are the concerns of the Performance and Scalability perspective ?

A

the concerns of the Performance and Scalability perspective are:

  • Processing volume
  • response time
  • responsiveness
  • throughput
  • predictability
108
Q

name 4 structures that can be defined by an Architecture

A

4 structures that can be defined by an Architecture are:

  • Functional structure
  • information structure
  • concurrency structure
  • design time structure
109
Q

What can be said about the flexibility of the event-driven architectural pattern?

A

It’s high, event-processor components are highly independent and decoupled, so changes are generally isolated

110
Q

What can be said about the scalability of the event-driven architectural pattern?

A

It’s high, scalability is naturally achieved by highly independent and decoupled event processors.

111
Q

What is the definition of a software architectecture as defined by the software engineering institute?

A

The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software elements, the externally visible properties of those elements, and the relationships among them.

112
Q

What are the 4 layers in the Enterprise view

A

the 4 layers in the enterprise view are:

  1. Business
  2. Data
  3. Application
  4. Technology
113
Q

What are the concerns of the Evolution perspective

A
  • magnitude of change
  • dimensions of change
  • likelihood of change
  • timescale for change
  • development complexity
  • preservation of knowledge
  • reliability of change
114
Q

Enterprise architecture

A

is an attempt to get to grips with “everything” contains different models with different emphasis is in general top–down starting with the business

115
Q

How do requirements relate to architecture

A

requirements are an input to architecture they frame the architectural problem. An architecture is a framework for evaluating requirements

116
Q

how does one apply architectural tactics ? describe the 4 steps that need to be completed in order to do so.

A
  • identify the relevant tactics
  • evaluate (dis)advantages for implementing the key–drivers
  • evaluate their relationship (e.g. contradiction)
  • make appropriate design decisions
117
Q

What are some challenges when dealing with many structures ?

A
  • organization of ideas
  • understanding different aspects simultaneously
  • dealing with different aspects equally
  • consistency
118
Q

Which of the following statements are incorrect?

  1. a view is a pattern of a generalized viewpoint
  2. a view is the class (or template), the viewpoint is the instance.
  3. models (e.g. diagrams) are the artifacts from which the view is made.
A

statement 1 and statement 2 are incorrect.

a viewpoint is a pattern or generalization of a view

the viewpoint is the class (or template), the view is the instance

119
Q

What are the deliverables of the Use–case view in the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model?

A

the deliverables of the Use–case view are:

  • Use Case Diagram(s)
  • Use Case descriptions
  • Use Case realizations
120
Q

Give the definition of an Architectural View

A

An architectural view is a representation of the whole system, as seen through the prism of specific concerns.

121
Q

What can be said about the ease of deployment of the Microkernel Architectural pattern

A

It’s high, often plug-in modules can be added to the core system at runtime.

122
Q

What is the R&W equivalent of Rup’s Process view?

A

Concurrency

123
Q

What can be said about the performance of the Microkernel Architectural pattern?

A

It’s high most applications built using the microkernel architecture pattern perform well because you can customize applications to only include those features you need.

124
Q

What are the 5 views in the Rup / Kruchten 4+1 model ?

A
  1. Logical View
  2. Implementation View
  3. Use–case View
  4. Process View
  5. Deployment View
125
Q

Fill in the missing keywords in this diagram of the RUP/Kruchten 4+1 model

A

A = Logical View

B = Implementation View

C = Process View

D = Deployment View

E = Use–Case View

126
Q

How detailed should an Architectural Description(AD) be ?

A

the architectural description (AD) should show the overall picture, but also decompose into enough detail.

127
Q

Give a short description of the Logical view

A

The logical view describes the functional structure and behavior of the system.

128
Q

What can be said about the RUP / Kruchten 4+1 view set?

A
  • best known approach
  • different interpretations exist
  • rather technically oriented
  • quality attributes less explicit
129
Q

Give a description of the MicroKernel Architectural pattern.

A
  1. patterns consists of independent plug-in modules and a basic core system.
  2. many operating systems implement the micro-kernel architecture pattern.
  3. pattern is typically used for application platforms where different versions of a system need to be supported, i.e. platform must cope with continuous evolution.
130
Q

What is the definition of an architectural element?

A

an architectural element is a clearly identifiable, architecturally meaningful piece of a system

131
Q

Why use an Architecture ?

A
  • shared understanding, the big picture
  • a framework for evaluating requirements
  • emphasis is on system’s quality attributes (perspectives)
  • manage complexity
  • avoiding duplication
132
Q

What is the role of a Software Architecture?

A
  1. High level system design
  2. system level abstractions
  3. Statisfy high priority requirements
133
Q

Give an example of the Creational pattern category

A

an example is the singleton pattern which ensures a class has only one instance.

134
Q

Give an example of the Structural pattern category

A

an example is the decorator pattern which is used in java.io classes.

135
Q

Give an example of the Behavioural pattern category

A

an example is the observer pattern, a design where observable and observers are loosely coupled

136
Q

Give a description of the Creational pattern category

A

creational patterns involve object instantiation and provide a way to decouple client from objects it needs to instantiate

137
Q

Give a description of the Structural pattern category

A

structural patterns let you compose classes or objects into larger structures.

138
Q

Give a description of the Behavioural pattern category

A

behavioral patterns are concerned with how classes and objects interact and distribute responsibility

Software architecture / engineering (1 decks)

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