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Routes Of Administration Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

A branch of science that explores how drugs interact with biological systems.

It involves the study of drugs, their effects on the body, their mechanisms of action, and their therapeutic uses or potential adverse effects.

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2
Q

What are the two main branches of pharmacology?

A
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Pharmacodynamics
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3
Q

Define pharmacodynamics.

A

The study of the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resultant effect.

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4
Q

Define pharmacokinetics.

A

The study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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5
Q

What is toxicology?

A

The science that helps us understand the harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations can have on people, animals, and the environment.

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6
Q

What does the acronym ‘ADME’ stand for in pharmacokinetics?

A
  • Liberation
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
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7
Q

What is the process of liberation in pharmacokinetics?

A

The process by which medication enters the body to release the active ingredient that has been administered.

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8
Q

What is absorption in pharmacokinetics?

A

Transfer of drug from the site of administration into the plasma.

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9
Q

Define distribution in pharmacokinetics.

A

Transfer from the bloodstream (intravascular space) to body tissues and organs (extravascular space).

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10
Q

What is metabolism in pharmacokinetics?

A

Chemical conversion or transformation of drugs into compounds that are easier to eliminate.

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11
Q

What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?

A

Elimination of unchanged drug or metabolite from the body via renal, biliary, or pulmonary processes.

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12
Q

List the three primary routes of drug administration.

A
  • Topical
  • Enteral or Oral
  • Parenteral
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13
Q

What is the enteral or oral route of drug administration?

A

Administering drugs through the mouth, where medications are swallowed and absorbed through the GIT.

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14
Q

What are the advantages of the oral route of drug administration?

A
  • Convenience
  • Patient Acceptance
  • Formulation Variety
  • Cost-effectiveness
  • Systemic and Local Effects
  • Flexibility in Administration
  • Safety
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15
Q

What are the disadvantages of the oral route of drug administration?

A
  • Drug interaction
  • First-Pass Metabolism
  • GI Irritation
  • Special instances (e.g., swallowing difficulties)
  • Delayed Onset of Action
  • Certain medications may not be suitable for oral administration
  • Patient Compliance
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16
Q

What is the sublingual route of administration?

A

Placing medications under the tongue for rapid absorption through the rich network of blood vessels.

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17
Q

Name two common medications administered sublingually.

A
  • Nitroglycerin
  • Buprenorphine
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18
Q

What is the parenteral route of drug administration?

A

Delivering medications directly into the body through routes other than the GIT, typically via injections.

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19
Q

What are the advantages of parenteral administration?

A
  • Rapid Action
  • Accuracy
  • Useful Alternative
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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of parenteral administration?

A
  • Invasive Nature
  • Requires trained health professional administration
  • Accidental needle prick/Needle phobia
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21
Q

Describe the intravenous (IV) route of administration.

A

Administered directly into a vein, allowing for rapid drug delivery into the bloodstream.

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22
Q

What is the intramuscular (IM) route of administration?

A

Injected into a muscle, where they are absorbed gradually.

23
Q

What is the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration?

A

Injected into the fatty tissue layer under the skin.

24
Q

What is the intradermal (ID) route of administration?

A

Injected into the dermis layer of the skin.

25
Q

What is the purpose of the intrathecal route of administration?

A

Administered into the spinal canal for conditions requiring direct access to the central nervous system.

26
Q

What is the intraosseous (IO) route of administration?

A

Administered directly into the bone marrow.

27
Q

What is the intraocular route of administration?

A

Medications are administered directly into the eye.

28
Q

What is the intracardiac route of administration?

A

Direct injection of medications into the heart.

29
Q

Define the intranasal route of administration.

A

Includes drops or insufflating substances, often used for decongestants.

30
Q

What is the intra-rectal route of administration?

A

Medication administered via suppositories, enemas, or rectal solutions.

31
Q

List the types of enemas used in the intra-rectal route.

A
  • Cleansing or Tap Water Enema
  • Saline Enema
  • Mineral Oil Enema
  • Phosphate Enema
  • Retention Enema
  • Barium Enema
32
Q

What is a common method for intravenous administration in infants?

A

Through the umbilical vein allowing for direct administration into the bloodstream.

33
Q

How can drug effects vary based on the route of administration?

A

Medications can yield diverse effects depending on the route, with specific uses evolving over time.

34
Q

What is absorption in pharmacology?

A

The movement of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream.

35
Q

What factors can modify drug absorption?

A

Physicochemical properties of the drug, formulation, route of administration, and physiological factors.

36
Q

What does absorption refer to in pharmacology?

A

The drug’s movement from the site of administration into the bloodstream

This is a crucial step for determining how quickly and to what extent the drug enters systemic circulation.

37
Q

What are the routes through which drugs can be administered?

A

Oral ingestion, injection, inhalation, through the skin

These routes affect the absorption process.

38
Q

What factors modify drug absorption?

A

Physicochemical factors, Patient factors

These include molecular weight, ionization, surface area, gastric pH, and more.

39
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A

Movement of drug molecules from high concentration to low concentration without energy

An example is cimetidine.

40
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

Transport similar to carrier-mediated but requires a transport facilitator

An example is Vitamin B12 attaching to intrinsic factor for absorption.

41
Q

Define carrier-mediated transport.

A

An energy-dependent pathway to transport small hydrophilic molecules

Examples include nutrients, ions, and glucose.

42
Q

What is distribution in pharmacology?

A

The transport of a drug from the bloodstream to tissue sites

It also includes sites where the drug may be stored, metabolized, or eliminated.

43
Q

What does volume of distribution (Vd) indicate?

A

The degree to which a drug is distributed in body tissue rather than plasma

It reflects how widely a drug disperses in the body.

44
Q

What factors affect drug distribution?

A

Lipophilic characteristics, blood supply to tissues, plasma protein and tissue binding, permeability across tissue barriers

Highly perfused organs receive most of the drug.

45
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A barrier that limits the entry of many drugs into the brain

It is crucial for protecting the central nervous system.

46
Q

What is the formula for apparent volume of distribution (Vd)?

A

Vd = Amount of drug in the body / Plasma concentration

This helps quantify how a drug is distributed in the body.

47
Q

What are systemic dosage forms?

A

Oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation, injections

These forms deliver drugs throughout the body.

48
Q

What are local dosage forms?

A

Skin, sense organ, oral/local, rectal/local, vaginal, inhalation/local

These forms target specific areas.

49
Q

What are the advantages of sublingual tablets?

A

Act rapidly, no first-pass metabolism

They are easy to use but can lead to overdose.

50
Q

What is a loading dose?

A

A single large dose used to quickly achieve a high plasma concentration of drug

Example: phenytoin.

51
Q

What is a maintenance dose?

A

Maintains the desired steady-state drug concentration after the loading dose

It is crucial for ongoing treatment.

52
Q

What is the role of plasma protein binding in drug distribution?

A

Ensures sufficient drug reaches receptors without causing toxicity

Plasma albumin has a high affinity for binding drugs.

53
Q

True or False: Drugs with a wide volume of distribution can be effectively removed by hemodialysis.

A

False

Poisoning or overdosage of drugs with wide Vd cannot be removed by hemodialysis.

54
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ characteristics of a drug influence its distribution in the body.

A

[lipophilic]

Lipophilic drugs distribute rapidly in tissues.

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