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PMP-103 > Routes of administration > Flashcards

Routes of administration Flashcards

1
Q

List all routes of administration

A

-Sublingual + Buccal
-Ocular, Nasal,ear
-Intrathecal + epidural + Intrathymic +Intracardiac
-Inhalation
-Intravenous + inta-arterial + intramuscular
-Topical + subcutaneous
-Rectal + vaginal
- Oral

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2
Q

Absorption

A

movement of drug from site of administration to the bloodstream

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3
Q

What proteins are within the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Integral proteins imbedded in membrane
Peripheral proteins

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4
Q

What molecules can pass through cell membrane?

A

Hydrophobic, small, uncharged molecules

Protein carrier needed for charged molecules and ions

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5
Q

transport across biological membranes

A

Transcellular diffusion and passive and facilitated, endocytosis, efflux, paracellular

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6
Q

Use of villi and microvilli

A

Increase SA = more absorption within small intestine

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7
Q

What is gastric emptying?

A
  • stomach pressure constant at start
  • Stomach has plasticity
  • 3ml pushed into Chyme and small intestine
  • Is pushed in small amounts or back into stomach
    -Stops chances of indigestion
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8
Q

What impacts gastric emptying process?

A

pH of stomach - More time to neutralise food if very acidic
Time of eating
Meal volume
Meal composition - Rich in carbs will move more quickly, fatty is slower

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9
Q

How is gastric emptying regulated?

A

Neural reflexes
Hormonal mechanisms

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10
Q

What is Gastric emptying rate?

A

Speed at which substance leaves the stomach after ingestion

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11
Q

Why is a long GER bad?

A

Delays absorption rate of drug in small intestine, less bioavailability

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12
Q

Why take food and aspirin at the same time?

A

Aspirin can irritate the stomach

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13
Q

Why take amoxicillin before food?

A

Food can affect absorption, will interfere with absorption of penicillin, don’t want drug to be degraded

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14
Q

Rate- limiting step

A

slowest step in series, controls overall rate and extent of appearance of the intact drug in the systemic circulation

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15
Q

Different types of rate-limiting steps

A
  • Disintegrating rate
    -Gastric emptying
    -Dissolution - high logP hardly dissolves
    -Permeability- low logP is hardly absorbed
    -Metabolism in the liver (first pass effect)
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16
Q

How do ions pass through the small intestine?

A

Paracellular route in small amounts

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17
Q

Advantages of tablets?

A

Non- expiring
easy to carry
easy to swallow
elegance
very accurate dosage
High chemical and physical stability
Can’t tamper with a tablet
Low cost packaging

18
Q

process of taking a tablet

A

Disintegration (RLS)
Deaggregation
Dissolution
Drug in solution
Gastric emptying

19
Q

Difference between tablet and capsule?

A

Capsule has a layer of gelatin (come in hard and soft capsules)

20
Q

Adv of capsule over tablets?

A

Capsule can be tasteless and odourless
Easier to swallow -smooth and slippery
Can be opened up and sprinkled on food
Can be printed on
Faster acting
Other dosage forms within the capsules

21
Q

Dissolution of capsule process

A

Excipients in capsule attract water molecules to dissolve them

22
Q

Quickest oral dosage form

A

solution - skips all rate- limiting steps can go straight into GI fluids for absorption

23
Q

How does non-keratinised cells help with absorption?

A

More permeable for rapid onset reaction
no extra layer to prevent drug absorption like the skin

24
Q

Examples of OTC oral tablets, buccal and sublingual tablets, capsules, suspensions and oral solutions?

A
25
Q

what type of route do drugs which are inhaled take?

A

Pulmonary delivery–> local or systemic

26
Q

when can a pharmacist supply POMs without a prescription?

A

In an emergency

27
Q

How to use a salbutamol inhaler

A
  • remove cap
  • check does counter
    -hold upright and shake well
  • Breathe out gently
    -put in mouthpiece between teeth and close lip to form seal
    -start to breathe in slowly and press on canister firmly
    -continue to breathe in slowly and deeply
    -hold breath about 5-10 secs
    -while breathing remove from mouth
    -breathe out gently
    -replace cap
28
Q

local or topical drug administration

A

Asthma
COPD
Cystic fibrosis
pulmonary hypertension
lung infections

29
Q

Systemic application via lungs

A

CNS stimulation
Anaesthetics
diabetes
pain and migraine
appetite suppression

30
Q

How we deliver drugs to or via lungs

A

solid in gas e.g. smoke
liquid in gas e.g. mist
gases

31
Q

Branching of lungs

A

trachea to bronchi to respiratory bronchioles to alveolar ducts to atrium to alveoli

32
Q

How lung diseases impact drug administration via inhalation

A

lumen being narrower impacts the drugs pathway to being absorbed, restricts airflow. Caused by obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.

33
Q

what is inertial impaction

A

where the drug acts in the airways depending on particle size, momentum and angle of bifurcation

34
Q

what is the main reason for depositing in the lower airways

A

sedimentation due to gravity - impacted by breath-holding

35
Q

what is the dominant mechanism for particles < 0.5 micrometres

A

diffusion

36
Q

what influences lung deposition?

A

particle size
particle size distribution
particle density
particle shape
particle hygroscopicity - absorption of moisture (don’t store in bathroom)

37
Q

what does cilia on epithelial cells do in terms of drug absorption?

A

reduces drug deposition = less drug absorption
clears drug caught in mucus

38
Q

what reduces local drug conc in airways?

A

cilia, macrophage clearance, translocation past cell to other areas of body

39
Q

formulation selection for administration via lungs

A

check factors influencing lung deposition
inhaler types
quality control

40
Q

adv and disadv of local drug delivery to lungs?

A

adv:
-carry around
-directly to the organ
-low dose required
-rapid onset
-fewer systemic side effects
-non-invasive delivery
disadv:
-low efficiency of delivery
-difficulty in breath coordination
-can supress immune response (corticosteroid)
-throat irritation

41
Q

Adv and disadv of systemic delivery of drugs via lungs

A

Adv:
-Rapid onset of action
-circumvents first pass effect
-non-invasive delivery route
-good for biopharmaceuticals
Disadv:
-low efficiency
-difficulty using some devices
-breathing difficulties
- may need very low or very exact doses
-expensive compared to oral therapies

PMP-103 (3 decks)

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