Route of administration

Question 1

route of admin are part of the ?

Answer 1

LABEL
changing route is off label = worry about residues in food animals

Question 2

2 general routes of admin

Answer 2

systemic
local

Question 3

systemic admin

Answer 3

any route of application + systemic effect (general effect on body)

Question 4

2 types of systemic admin

Answer 4

Enteral and parenteral

Question 5

Enteral admin

Answer 5

absorption in the GI tract
EX: PO, feeding tube, nasogastric tube

Question 6

enteral admin
advantage (3)
disadvantage (7)

Answer 6

+: can be done at home, feeding tubes good if patient is non compliant, can induce vomiting if admin wrong
-: patient and owner compliance, palatability, slower onset of action, food/other drugs may affect absorption, inactivation by gastric pH, first pass metabolism

Question 7

Parenteral admin

Answer 7

any other than GI route

Question 8

Inject (4 types)

Answer 8

IV, IM, SQ/SC, Intraosseous

Question 9

IV admin pros (3) and cons (4)

Answer 9

+: rapid onset (highest plasmatic concentration immediately), avoid tissue irritation, allows for constant concentration over a long time
-: side effects from high concentration, vein injury (phlebitis), thrombus, not done at home

Question 10

IM admin pros (2) and cons (6)

Answer 10

+: rapid absorption - high plasmatic concentration but longer than IV, can be done at home
-: absorption can be incomplete, painful, irritant, infection or abscess at site of injection, risk of nerve damage, drug residues

Question 11

SC admin pros (2) and cons (5)

Answer 11

+:slow absorption (longer than IV and IM), done at home
-: absorption can be even more incomplete, painful, irritant, risk of infection/abscess, drug residues

Question 12

intraosseous admin pros (4) and cons (5)

Answer 12

in bone marrow
+: neonates and tiny patients, fluids flow as efficiently as IV, rapid access for emergency, CPR drugs can be admin., uncomplicated with practice
-: short term, some drugs cant be admin., special equip. needed, painful, risk of fracture

Question 13

Inhalation pros (3), cons (2)

Answer 13

+:rapid onset, deliver gas inhalant in noncompliant small animals, rapid elimination by expiration
-: irritant, not tolerated in awake patients

Question 14

Local (3)

Answer 14

transdermal TD
endotracheal - emergency
transmucosal TM

Question 15

transmucosal (2 types)

Answer 15

intrabuccal IB - in oral cavity
intranasal - absorption in nasal cavity

Question 16

local pros (3) and cons (2)

Answer 16

+: when other routes not available, longer duration of action, can be done at home
-:absorption can be incomplete, can be hard to do

Question 17

transrectal pros (3) and cons (2)

Answer 17

+: when other routes not available, longer duration of action than IV, can be done at home
-: low bioavailability, first pass metabolism in some species

Question 18

local route of admin

Answer 18

local application and local effect but DOESNT IMPLY no systemic absorption - can be side effects

Question 19

examples of local route of admin

Answer 19

skin, ocular, vaginal, mammary duct, GI, otic, pulmonary

Question 20

local admin for skin (2 options)

Answer 20

intradermal, ointment

Question 21

skin pros (2) and cons (2)

Answer 21

high concentration at site of admin, decrease systemic side effect
-: irritant, can be technical

Question 22

selecting route of admin need to consider what 2 things

Answer 22

therapeutic factors and drug factors

Question 23

therapeutic factors (6)

Answer 23

onset of action, duration of action, site of action, adverse reactions, length of treatment, home treatment

Question 24

onset of action: fastest to slowest

Answer 24

IV/IO > inhalation > transmucosal/endotracheal > IM > SQ > PO > transdermal

Question 25

drug factors (4)

Answer 25

irritating properties, pH, solubility, viscosity