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MEDSCI 203 > Rote learning Test 1 > Flashcards

Rote learning Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the chemical mediators linked to swelling and pain in inflammation?

A

Prostaglandin E2 and Bradykinin

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2
Q

What is Platelet activating factor derived from?

A

Lysophosphatidylcholine, through the action of phospholipase A2

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3
Q

What does arachidonic acid do in the inflammation response?

A

Generation of acute phase proteins such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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4
Q

How are prostaglandins formed?

A

Arachidonic acid reacts with Cyclooxygenases

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5
Q

How are Leukotrienes formed?

A

Arachidonic acid reacts with 5-Lipoxygenase

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6
Q

What is the function of TXA2?

A

Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation

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7
Q

What is the function of PCI2?

A

Vasodilation and platelet dissociation

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8
Q

What is the function of PGE2?

A

Vasodilation, pain, fever

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9
Q

What is the function of LTB4?

A

Neutrophil chemotaxis and activation

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10
Q

What are the functions of cysTC4,D4,E4?

A

Vasopermeability and bronchoconstriction

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11
Q

What is the function of C3a and C5a?

A

Promote mast cell degranulation, vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis

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12
Q

What is the function of C3B?

A

Opsonization

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13
Q

What is the function of C5b?

A

Part of the membrane attack complex for bacterial cell lysis

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14
Q

What DAMPs do toll-like receptors bind?

A

ECM fragments,
intracellular proteins,
DNA and RNA

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15
Q

What binds to RAGE receptors?

A

intracellular proteins

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16
Q

What binds to P2X7 purinergic

A

ATP

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17
Q

What receptor binds crystals?

A

Components of inflammasomes

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18
Q

What does signalling from TLRs and P2X7Rs do?

A

Activation of inflammasomes resulting in the release of IL-1alpha when cells undergo lysis causing endothelial cells to become adhesive for leukocytes

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19
Q

What stimulates the acute phase response?

A

Interleukin6

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20
Q

What causes fever?

A

Pyrogens TNF, Interleukin1 and Prostaglandin E2

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21
Q

Which region of the brain is affected by fever?

A

Hypothalamic thermoregulation

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22
Q

What stimulates regeneration in colon crypts?

A

LPS activates TLR4 on macrophages which activates COX2 Which activates PGE2

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23
Q

How do Kupffer cells induce hepatic regeneration?

A

Release of TNF, IL-6, HGF and TGFalpha

24
Q

What transcription factors can induce terminally differentiated cells to once gain become pluripotent?

A

t4, Sox2, Klf4, Myc

25
Q

M1 macrophages

A

Pro-inflammatory
Respond to IL-6, IL-1, ROS

26
Q

M2 macrophages

A

Wound healing
Respond to PDGF, TGFB, VEGF, TNFa/EGF

27
Q

Pro-resolution Macrophages

A

Remodelling
TGFB, IL-10

28
Q

What is the role of tH1Cells?

A

Secretion of interferon-gamma which stimulates tH1 development and activates macrophage responses to intracellular pathogens

29
Q

What is the role of tH2 cells?

A

Secretion of IL-4 which stimulates TH2 development and activates eosinophil responses to worms

30
Q

What is the role of tH17 cells?

A

Secretion of IL-17 and IL-21 which stimulates tH17 development and activates epithelial responses to microbes (secretion of antimicrobial substances such as defensins and GM-CSF)

31
Q

What is the role of tReg cells?

A

Secretion of cytokines such as TGFBeta which stimulates Treg development and suppression of inflammation

32
Q

Which T cell types can cause autoimmunity?

A

TH1, TH17

33
Q

Which T cell types can cause allergies?

A

TH2

34
Q

Which T cell type would a deficiency result in damage?

A

Treg as a deficiency will result in excessive inflammation

35
Q

What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of DNA damage

A

Stress inducer: DNA damage, Hypoxia, ROS

Transcription factor: p53

Targets: DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, cell suicide

36
Q

What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of Antioxidants

A

Stress inducer: Oxidative Stress, ROS

Transcription factor: Nrf2

Targets: SOD1, Catalase

37
Q

What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of Heat shock (Proteotoxic)

A

Stress inducer: Denatured proteins
Transcription factor: HSPs
Target/effects: Chaperones (heat shock proteins)

38
Q

What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of Hypoxia

A

Stress inducer: Low oxygen
Transcription factor: HIFs
Target/effects: Glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, RBCs, blood vessels

39
Q

What are the stress inducers, transcription factor and effects of unfolded proteins

A

Stress inducer: ER stress proteins
Transcription factor: several
Target/effects: Chaperone proteins

40
Q

What are two types of physical damage to DNA?

A

UV and IR

41
Q

What damage is caused by ionising radiation?

A

Water is broken to form H and OH free radicals which cause breaks in the DNA strand which can be misrepaired

42
Q

What damage does U.V. radiation cause?

A

Damages DNA bases where adjacent C’s and T’s become linked causing potential misrepair leading to cancer or death of keratinocytes

43
Q

What is a form of chemical damage to DNA?

A

Alkylation where aflatoxin B can cause liver injury at high doses, or G to T mutations underlying liver cancer

44
Q

What is a form of biological damage to DNA?

A

Dietary deficiency in B9 and B12 prevents DNA synthesis and repair causing megaloblastic anaemia

45
Q

What is a form of physical damage to lipids?

A

Crystal intake into lysosomes which then puncture activating inflammasomes and releasing hydrolytic enzymes

46
Q

What is a chemical form of damage to lipids?

A

Reaction of lipids with free radicals

47
Q

What is superoxide?

A

A oxgen diatomic molecule that is also a free radical and detoxified by superoxide dismutase to hydrogen peroxide and O2

48
Q

What is the enzymatic reaction of hydrogen peroxide that occurs in cells?

A

Catalase detoxifies it to Oxygen and water

49
Q

What is the reaction that occurs between an OH radical and a Lipid?

A

The OH breaks a hydrogen bond to make a lipid radical, which then reacts with oxygen to make a lipid peroxyl radical. This the reacts with another lipid to generate a lipid radical and a lipid hydroperoxide. The lipid hydroperoxide then forms dmagning aldehydes and ketones

50
Q

What are the sources of reactive oxygen species?

A

Oxygen therapy, Inflammation, UV radiation, Damaged mitochondria, radio therapy

51
Q

What is a biological form of damage to lipids?

A

Lipases are protiens that can cause damage to lipids as they digest them

52
Q

What is acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis?

A

Damage to exocrine cells occurs, resulting in the release of activated digestive enzymes including phospholipases and lipases which digest cell membranes and triglycerides

53
Q

What is a form of physical damage to proteins?

A

Heat as above 42 degrees proteins become denatured resulting in the release of heat shock proteins in an attempt to address the denaturation problems

54
Q

What is a form of chemical damage to proteins?

A

Glycation - inhibit protein function. Cause proteins to cross-link and become insoluble. Generate ROS and bind to RAGE receptors to reduce blood flow and cause inflammation

55
Q

Biological damage to proteins

A

Proteases e.g inflammation
Arthritis cleaves collagen in joints
Emphysema cleaved elastin in the lung extracellular matrix
Cancer invasion cleaved laminin allows cancer cells to migrate.

56
Q

What is acute intracellular oedema?

A

When the ability of the cell to regulate ion concentrations is compromised resulting in swelling which is initially reversible

57
Q

What is Abnormal storage?

A

Accumulation of products such as fat and glycogen resulting from either increased concentration or a reduced ability of hepatocytes to metabolism them

MEDSCI 203 (10 decks)

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